Depressive symptoms and associated factors among adolescents in different pubertal stages in a district of Chongqing
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摘要:
目的 探究重庆市某区青少年各青春发育指标处于不同发育阶段时的抑郁现况,为改善青少年身心健康提供依据。 方法 对重庆市九龙坡区1 001名随访小学高年级和初中学生采用自编问卷和抑郁量表(Children's Depression Inventory, CDI)进行调查,通过描述性统计分析、χ2检验、方差分析和多因素Logistic回归分析统计调查对象的抑郁症状检出率、得分和影响因素等。 结果 青少年抑郁症状的检出率为17.3%,抑郁量表总得分为(12.02±6.72)分,外生殖器、阴毛、腋毛和胡须处于不同发育阶段以及是否发生首次遗精的男生效率低下分量表得分差异均有统计学意义(t/F值分别为7.08,5.46,5.18,4.21,5.84),乳房、阴毛和腋毛处于不同发育阶段以及是否发生月经初潮的女生快感缺乏、效率低下分量表得分差异均有统计学意义(t/F值分别为19.43,4.92,3.98,7.35,P值均 < 0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,男生未出现首次遗精和女生未发生月经初潮与抑郁症状呈负相关(OR=0.60,95%CI=0.36~0.98;OR=0.46, 95%CI=0.22~1.00),女生阴毛处于发育期与检出抑郁症状呈正相关(OR=9.58,95%CI=1.28~71.71)。 结论 青春早中期青少年抑郁症状检出率处于较低水平,已发生首次遗精的男生、阴毛发育较为成熟的女生和已发生月经初潮的女生更易出现抑郁情绪和症状。 Abstract:Objective To explore the status of depressive symptoms among adolescents in different pubertal stages in a district of Chongqing. Methods A self-designed questionnaire and Children's Depression Inventory were administered among 1 001 students in a district of Chongqing. Score and associated factors of depressive symptoms of adolescents through descriptive statistical analysis, Chi-square test, analysis of variance and Logistic regression analysis. Results The detection rate of depressive symptoms among adolescents in a district of Chongqing was 17.3%, and the total score of depression scale was (12.02±6.72). There were statistically significant differences in the inefficiency subscale score of boys across stages of genital, pubic hair, armpit hair and beard, and whether the first spermatorrhea has occurred(t/F=7.08, 5.46, 5.18, 4.21, 5.84, P < 0.05), while significant differences were found in the anhedonia and inefficiency subscales scores among girls across different stages of breast, pubic hair and armpit hair, and whether menarche has occurred(t/F=19.43, 4.92, 3.98, 7.35, P < 0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the absence of first spermatorrhea and menarche were associated with lower prevalence of depressive symptoms in boys and girls (OR=0.60, 95%CI=0.36-0.98; OR=0.46, 95%CI=0.22-1.00), while pubic hair development was associated with higher prevalence of depressive symptoms in girls (OR=9.58, 95%CI=1.28-71.71). Conclusion The detection rate of depressive symptoms among adolescents is relatively low. Boys who have had the first spermatorrhea, and girls with advanced pubic hair development or have had menarche are more likely to suffer from depressive symptoms. -
Key words:
- Depression /
- Affective symptoms /
- Mental health /
- Regression analysis /
- Adolescent
1) 利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。 -
表 1 不同人口学特征青少年抑郁症状检出率比较
Table 1. Comparison of the detection rate of depressive symptoms among adolescents with different demographic characteristics
人口学特征 选项 人数 抑郁症状 χ2值 P值 性别 男 487 75(15.4) 2.35 0.13 女 514 98(19.1) 年级 六 345 55(15.9) 6.03 0.11 七 245 35(14.3) 八 227 41(18.1) 九 184 42(22.8) 自觉父母关系 很好 579 61(10.5) 53.46 < 0.01 比较好 258 59(22.9) 一般 129 38(29.5) 不太好 35 15(42.9) 是否有弟弟或妹妹 否 723 127(17.6) 0.15 0.70 是 278 46(16.5) 父母离异 是 85 18(21.2) 0.99 0.32 否 916 155(16.9) 父亲在外地工作 是 94 21(22.3) 1.86 0.17 否 907 152(16.8) 母亲在外地工作 是 28 7(25.0) 1.20 0.27 否 973 166(17.1) 注:( )内数字为检出率/%。 表 2 不同青春期发育阶段青少年抑郁症状检出率比较
Table 2. Comparison of the detection rates of depressive symptoms among adolescents at different developmental stages
青春期发育指标 发育阶段 人数 抑郁症状 χ2值 P值 外生殖器 未发育 117 11(9.4) 4.26 0.12 发育期 317 55(17.4) 发育成熟期 53 9(17.0) 阴毛(男) 未发育 171 23(13.5) 2.23 0.33 发育期 248 44(17.7) 发育成熟期 68 8(11.8) 腋毛(男) 未发育 314 48(15.3) 0.01 0.93 发育期 173 27(15.6) 胡须 Ⅰ期 179 25(14.0) 0.77 0.68 Ⅱ期 249 39(15.7) Ⅲ期 59 11(18.6) 首次遗精 是 226 43(19.0) 4.26 0.04 否 261 32(12.3) 乳房 发育期 136 20(14.7) 2.28 0.13 发育成熟期 378 78(20.6) 阴毛(女) 未发育 33 1(3.0) 8.51 0.01 发育期 238 41(17.2) 发育成熟期 243 56(23.0) 腋毛(女) Ⅰ期 149 22(14.8) 3.62 0.16 Ⅱ期 262 51(19.5) Ⅲ期 103 25(24.3) 月经初潮 是 439 90(20.5) 4.02 0.05 否 75 8(10.7) 注:( )内数字为检出率/%。 表 3 不同青春期发育指标青少年抑郁量表总分及分量表得分比较
Table 3. Comparison of total scores and subscale scores of depression scale for adolescents at different developmental stages
青春期发育指标 发育阶段 人数 负面情绪 人际问题 快感缺乏 负性自尊 效率低下 总分 x±s F/t值 x±s F/t值 x±s F/t值 x±s F/t值 x±s F/t值 x±s F/t值 外生殖器 未发育 117 1.73±1.80 0.15 1.31±1.13 1.23 2.77±2.14 2.55 2.05±1.53 3.27* 2.47±1.40 7.08** 10.32±6.00 3.18* 发育期 317 1.80±1.80 1.48±1.25 3.24±2.48 2.50±1.72 2.83±1.43 11.85±6.52 发育成熟期 53 1.89±1.98 1.28±1.29 3.58±2.51 2.47±1.28 3.34±1.36 12.57±6.27 阴毛(男) 未发育 171 1.91±1.97 0.54 1.48±1.26 1.41 3.02±2.43 0.49 2.27±1.64 2.08 2.54±1.34 5.46** 11.22±6.51 0.49 发育期 248 1.72±1.77 1.44±1.23 3.25±2.43 2.37±1.65 2.88±1.51 11.65±6.53 发育成熟期 68 1.75±1.57 1.19±1.15 3.22±2.30 2.75±1.62 3.16±1.29 12.07±5.63 腋毛(男) Ⅰ期 314 1.81±1.93 0.19 1.47±1.27 0.90 3.06±2.40 0.86 2.30±1.65 1.97 2.64±1.43 5.18** 11.29±6.62 0.94 Ⅱ期 151 1.73±1.60 1.32±1.16 3.32±2.45 2.50±1.67 3.09±1.44 11.95±6.13 Ⅲ期 22 1.95±1.62 1.32±1.13 3.55±2.26 2.91±1.31 3.00±1.16 12.73±4.60 胡须 Ⅰ期 179 1.83±1.96 0.38 1.47±1.29 0.35 3.11±2.56 0.75 2.23±1.68 1.25 2.55±1.44 4.21* 11.20±6.71 0.68 Ⅱ期 249 1.73±1.66 1.41±1.20 3.12±2.20 2.47±1.67 2.92±1.45 11.64±6.10 Ⅲ期 59 1.93±2.00 1.32±1.20 3.53±2.79 2.51±1.41 3.00±1.29 12.29±6.68 首次遗精 是 226 1.99±1.85 4.96* 1.38±1.18 -0.51 3.42±2.42 4.97* 2.51±1.63 2.45 2.96±1.40 5.84* 12.27±6.25 5.19* 否 261 1.62±1.78 1.46±1.27 2.94±2.38 2.28±1.65 2.65±1.45 10.95±6.47 乳房 发育期 136 2.04±2.01 -3.70 1.12±1.04 0.01 2.85±2.46 -8.79** 2.37±1.65 -3.77 2.50±1.44 -19.43** 10.87±6.68 -9.63** 发育成熟期 378 2.47±2.29 1.12±0.97 3.60±2.56 2.68±1.61 3.15±1.50 13.03±7.02 阴毛(女) 未发育 33 1.64±1.82 3.44* 0.85±0.87 1.66 2.45±1.84 6.64** 2.03±1.21 3.50* 2.27±1.18 4.92** 9.24±4.99 6.20** 发育期 238 2.23±2.10 1.18±0.96 3.13±2.49 2.52±1.51 2.93±1.49 11.98±6.60 发育成熟期 243 2.58±2.37 1.11±1.02 3.79±2.63 2.76±1.76 3.12±1.55 13.36±7.43 腋毛(女) Ⅰ期 149 1.92±2.05 5.14** 1.17±1.05 0.29 3.06±2.53 3.53* 2.46±2.61 1.62 2.72±1.47 3.98* 11.34±6.80 4.18* Ⅱ期 262 2.44±2.18 1.10±0.95 3.38±2.47 2.58±1.57 3.03±1.48 12.53±6.77 Ⅲ期 103 2.80±2.48 1.11±0.99 3.92±2.72 2.83±1.79 3.24±1.60 13.90±7.59 月经初潮 是 439 2.40±2.26 0.90 1.12±1.00 0.00 3.51±2.57 5.53* 2.66±1.65 3.69 3.05±1.51 7.35** 12.74±7.07 4.81* 否 75 2.13±1.98 1.12±0.94 2.76±2.35 2.27±1.47 2.55±1.46 10.83±6.29 注:*P < 0.05,**P < 0.01。 表 4 不同青春期发育指标青少年抑郁症状的多因素Logistic回归分析(n=1 001)
Table 4. Multivariate Logistic analysis of depressive symptoms in adolescents at different developmental stages(n=1 001)
发育指标 发育阶段 β值 标准误 Wald χ2值 P值 OR值(OR值95%CI) 外生殖器(男) 未发育 1.00 发育期 0.68 0.48 1.97 0.16 1.97(0.76~5.09) 发育成熟期 -0.03 0.40 0.00 0.95 0.97(0.45~2.11) 阴毛(男) 未发育 1.00 发育期 -0.15 0.44 0.12 0.73 0.86(0.36~2.03) 发育成熟期 -0.48 0.41 1.37 0.24 0.62(0.28~1.39) 腋毛(男) 未发育 1.00 发育期 -0.18 0.33 0.32 0.57 0.83(0.44~1.58) 胡须 Ⅰ期 1.00 Ⅱ期 0.35 0.40 0.75 0.39 1.41(0.65~3.08) Ⅲ期 0.21 0.38 0.31 0.58 1.23(0.59~2.58) 首次遗精 是 1.00 否 -0.52 0.25 4.20 0.04 0.60(0.36~0.98) 乳房 发育期 1.00 发育成熟期 0.41 0.27 2.26 0.13 1.51(0.88~2.58) 阴毛(女) 未发育 1.00 发育期 2.26 1.03 4.84 0.03 9.58(1.28~71.71) 发育成熟期 0.36 0.23 2.51 0.11 1.44(0.92~2.26) 腋毛(女) Ⅰ期 1.00 Ⅱ期 0.62 0.33 3.57 0.06 1.85(0.98~3.50) Ⅲ期 0.28 0.28 1.03 0.31 1.33(0.77~2.29) 月经初潮 是 1.00 否 -0.77 0.39 3.85 0.05 0.46(0.22~1.00) -
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