Physical fitness and early-life influencing factors among preschoolers in Guangzhou
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摘要:
目的 了解广州市3~6岁学龄前儿童的体质健康状况, 分析其生命早期影响因素, 为提升学龄前儿童体质健康水平提供参考依据。 方法 整群随机抽取广州市1 580名3~6岁学龄前儿童进行《国民体质测定标准手册(幼儿部分)》测试和问卷调查。 结果 学龄前儿童体质及格率为87.2%, 优良率为30.8%。随着年龄的增长, 男、女童体质优良率呈上升趋势。男、女童身体形态指标(男童皮褶厚度除外)各年龄段间差异均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.01)。超重肥胖率为14.7%, 且男童(17.2%)高于女童(12.0%)。超重肥胖者和非超重肥胖者不同体质评级差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为4.84, 3.96, 5.73, 4.85, P值均 < 0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示, 早产与学龄前儿童体质优良率呈负相关(OR=0.81, P < 0.05);出生体重大于胎龄儿与学龄前儿童体质优良率呈正相关(OR=1.37, P < 0.05)。 结论 广州市3~6岁学龄前儿童整体体质健康水平较差, 体质优良率与生命早期分娩孕周、出生体重等因素相关。 Abstract:Objective To understand physical health of pre-school children aged 3-6, so as to analyze the early-life influencing factors, and to provide a reference for physical health promotion of preschool children. Methods The method of random sampling was used to select 1 580 preschoolers aged from 3-6 in Guangzhou. National physical health test and questionnaire survey were conducted to assess physical health. Results The physical fitness pass rate of preschool children was 87.2%, among which the excellent rate was 30.8%. With the increase of age, the rate of good physique of both boys and girls increased. There were statistical differences in body shape indexes (except dermal fold thickness) between male and female children at all ages (P < 0.01). The rate of overweight and obesity was 14.7%, which was higher in boys (17.2%) than in girls (12.0%). There were significant differences between overweight and non-overweight obese people(χ2=4.84, 3.96, 5.73, 4.85, P < 0.05). Logistic regression showed that preterm birth was negatively correlated with the rate of good physique of preschool children (OR=0.81, P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between birth weight greater than gestational age and the rate of physical fitness of preschool children (OR=1.37, P < 0.05). Conclusion Preschool children aged 3-6 years old in Guangzhou have poor physical health overall, and the rate of good physical health is related to factors such as preterm gestational week in early life delivery and birth weight greater than the gestational age. -
Key words:
- Body constitution /
- Life cycle stages /
- Growth and development /
- Regression analysis /
- Child, preschool
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表 1 不同年龄段学龄前儿童体质综合评级分布
Table 1. Distribution of comprehensive physique rating of preschoolers in different age groups
性别 年龄/岁 人数 优秀 良好 及格 不及格 男 3 95 3(3.2) 16(16.8) 56(58.9) 20(21.1) 3.5 99 3(3.0) 14(14.1) 58(58.6) 24(24.2) 4 135 9(6.7) 21(15.6) 83(61.5) 22(16.3) 4.5 118 10(8.5) 32(27.1) 60(50.8) 16(13.6) 5 153 9(5.9) 44(28.8) 91(59.5) 9(5.9) 5.5 151 15(9.9) 45(29.8) 81(53.6) 10(6.6) 6 56 3(5.4) 9(16.1) 40(71.4) 4(7.1) 女 3 92 2(2.2) 12(13.0) 56(60.9) 22(23.9) 3.5 105 6(5.7) 17(16.2) 61(58.1) 21(20.0) 4 105 6(5.7) 23(21.9) 68(64.8) 8(7.6) 4.5 120 17(14.2) 33(27.5) 55(45.8) 15(12.5) 5 140 14(10.0) 51(36.4) 66(47.1) 9(6.4) 5.5 127 14(11.0) 38(29.9) 67(52.8) 8(6.3) 6 84 6(7.1) 15(17.9) 49(58.3) 14(16.7) 注： ( )内数字为构成比/%。 
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表 2 不同年龄段学龄前儿童身体形态指标比较(x±s)
Table 2. Comparison of body shape indexes of preschoolers in different ages(x±s)
性别 年龄/岁 人数 统计值 身高/cm 体重/kg 坐高/cm 胸围/cm 皮褶厚度/mm 上臂部 肩胛部 腹部 男 3 95 98.7±4.4 15.1±1.8 56.8±2.3 52.2±2.5 7.7±2.2 6.2±1.6 5.5±1.9 3.5 99 100.7±4.6 15.5±2.3 57.7±2.8 52.0±2.7 7.9±2.3 6.2±1.6 6.0±2.7 4 135 104.9±4.3 16.7±2.0 59.4±2.6 53.1±2.4 7.8±2.5 6.4±1.8 6.1±2.7 4.5 118 108.7±5.1 17.9±2.4 61.3±3.0 53.8±2.6 7.8±2.0 6.2±1.4 6.2±2.2 5 153 111.4±4.2 18.9±2.7 62.6±2.5 54.8±2.8 7.7±2.3 6.5±1.7 6.1±2.7 5.5 151 114.9±5.1 20.5±3.8 64.3±3.0 55.9±4.0 7.5±2.2 6.7±2.2 6.7±3.2 6 56 118.0±4.7 21.7±2.9 65.4±2.6 57.0±2.8 7.0±2.0 6.7±1.9 6.2±2.7 F值 225.77 80.68 143.09 37.51 1.25 1.57 2.05 P值 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.28 0.15 0.06 女 3 92 96.9±4.1 14.3±1.8 55.7±2.4 50.2±2.7 8.1±2.3 6.4±1.9 6.1±2.1 3.5 105 100.3±4.6 15.1±2.0 57.1±2.6 50.5±2.3 8.2±2.4 6.6±1.7 6.5±2.2 4 105 103.6±3.8 16.2±2.0 58.7±2.8 51.7±2.3 8.8±2.9 7.0±2.1 7.1±3.1 4.5 120 107.4±4.9 17.5±2.6 60.5±2.9 52.6±3.3 8.2±2.4 6.8±2.4 7.0±3.6 5 140 110.0±4.3 18.0±2.4 61.7±2.7 53.1±2.6 7.7±1.9 6.6±1.7 6.3±2.1 5.5 127 113.5±4.6 19.4±2.7 63.3±2.7 54.1±3.0 8.0±2.1 6.7±1.7 7.0±2.5 6 84 118.0±5.0 20.9±2.8 65.3±2.6 54.9±3.0 9.3±3.1 7.6±2.0 8.3±3.1 F值 266.24 94.53 158.94 39.40 5.24 3.75 6.74 P值 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01
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表 3 不同年龄段学龄前儿童身体素质指标比较(x±s)
Table 3. Comparison of physical fitness indexes of preschoolers in different ages(x±s)
性别 年龄/岁 人数 统计值 安静心率(次/min) 立定跳远/cm 网球掷远/m 坐位体前屈/cm 10 m折返跑/s 走平衡木/s 双脚连续跳/s 男 3 95 96.2±12.9 58.6±20.7 2.9±1.0 8.9±4.0 10.1±2.0 30.8±17.5 24.8±34.2 3.5 99 96.6±10.9 62.3±18.1 3.2±1.1 8.3±4.3 10.2±2.2 27.0±17.8 18.1±27.7 4 135 96.3±12.2 77.9±20.3 4.0±1.3 8.7±4.4 8.5±1.4 20.8±13.1 11.4±17.7 4.5 118 96.6±12.1 89.4±20.3 4.9±1.8 8.2±4.2 7.9±1.3 15.6±10.6 10.2±17.1 5 153 93.4±11.2 102.1±14.6 5.7±1.8 8.2±4.6 7.2±0.9 12.9±8.2 7.4±10.8 5.5 151 93.4±12.5 107.6±18.4 6.6±2.0 8.3±4.4 6.8±0.8 10.0±5.9 5.9±1.6 6 56 96.7±13.9 114.0±14.2 7.4±2.4 8.5±4.7 6.9±0.9 8.3±4.9 5.7±1.2 F值 2.01 138.91 96.70 0.46 107.52 51.72 14.52 P值 0.06 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.84 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 女 3 92 96.6±12.9 54.7±18.3 2.6±0.7 9.9±4.2 10.8±2.0 35.3±20.3 23.5±31.5 3.5 105 96.9±12.1 62.5±18.1 2.9±0.8 10.3±4.0 10.0±1.8 25.4±15.6 13.8±19.7 4 105 97.5±11.2 76.6±15.3 3.5±1.0 11.0±3.6 8.8±1.5 19.8±13.8 10.7±15.7 4.5 120 93.4±11.0 84.5±18.6 4.0±1.2 10.1±4.3 8.0±1.2 16.5±12.6 8.4±12.1 5 140 91.7±11.5 97.4±14.4 4.6±1.4 11.2±4.3 7.2±1.1 12.6±8.1 6.2±1.5 5.5 127 91.6±11.0 101.5±15.3 5.3±1.5 10.9±4.3 7.1±0.9 10.5±6.0 6.5±8.4 6 84 97.7±11.9 96.0±17.2 5.7±1.7 9.4±5.6 7.4±1.1 8.1±4.6 5.8±0.9 F值 6.41 124.27 91.09 2.63 111.65 56.46 16.50 P值 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.02 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01
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表 4 学龄前儿童体质水平生命早期影响因素的Logistic回归分析(n=1 580)
Table 4. Logistic regression analysis of influencing factors of excellent and good rate of physical fitness level in early life(n=1 580)
自变量 β值 标准误 P值 OR值(OR值95%CI) 分娩孕周 足月产 1.00 早产 -0.69 0.43 0.03 0.81(0.31~0.92) 过期产 0.23 0.35 0.69 1.09(0.75~1.94) 分娩方式 顺产 1.00 剖宫产 -0.39 0.16 0.37 0.90(0.70~1.14) 出生体重 适于胎龄儿 1.00 小于胎龄儿 -0.46 0.27 0.33 0.85(0.43~1.87) 大于胎龄儿 0.89 0.12 0.04 1.37(1.25~2.36) 出生后6个月内喂养方式 母乳喂养 1.00 混合喂养 -0.17 0.36 0.67 0.93(0.58~2.44) 人工喂养 -0.22 0.43 0.59 0.89(0.61~2.53)
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