Evaluation of school lunch recipes based on digital platform
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摘要:
目的 了解基于数字化平台的学生午餐各类食物和营养素水平, 为指导有关部门配餐和供餐提供参考。 方法 2020年11月至2021年4月, 利用食品安全和营养健康数字化管理平台收集天津市滨海新区96所学校13 018份学生午餐食谱, 对学生午餐中的谷薯类、蔬菜类、水果类、畜禽肉类、鱼虾类、蛋类、奶及奶制品、大豆类及其制品/坚果和其他九大类食物, 能量和包括蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、钙、铁、锌、硒、维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C和膳食纤维12项营养素指标进行评价。 结果 学生午餐各类食物合格率由高到低依次是畜禽肉类96.8%(116.4 g)、谷薯类92.3%(179.5 g)、蔬菜类65.0%(170.6 g)、大豆类及其制品/坚果47.7%(21.4 g)、蛋类33.4%(18.0 g)、鱼虾类14.4%(8.5 g)、水果类14.1%(19.6 g)、奶及奶制品0.3%(35.4 g)。不同年级间各类食物摄入合格率间差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05)。学生午餐能量合格率为76.9%(932.6 kcal), 各类营养素合格率由高到低依次是铁96.9%(9.7 mg)、锌96.8%(5.9 mg)、蛋白质96.4%(43.8 g)、碳水化合物87.6%(130.8 g)、硒82.9%(23.5 μg)、维生素C 78.5%(48.8 mg)、维生素B1 75.9%(0.5 mg)、脂肪74.3%(28.5 g)、维生素A 74.1%(327.1 μg)、维生素B2 49.9%(0.5 mg)、膳食纤维19.5%(5.9 g)和钙13.4%(246.1 mg)。不同年级间能量和各类营养素合格率间差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05)。 结论 数字化平台基本满足学生午餐食物种类和营养素水平, 但也存在鱼虾类、水果类和奶及奶制品不足及维生素B2、膳食纤维和钙不足等问题。建议优化学生午餐食谱或在其他餐次增加相应食物摄入。 Abstract:Objective To understand levels of various foods and nutrients in school lunch based on digital platform and to provide reference for food preparation and serving. Methods A total of 13 018 school lunch recipes in Binhai New Area of 96 schools in Tianjin from November 2020 to April 2021 were collected by using digital management platform for food safety and nutritional health.Food types including cereals and tubers, vegetables, fruits, livestock and poultry meat, fish and shrimp, eggs, milk and dairy products, legumes and their products/nuts and others energy, and nutrients including protein, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, iron, zinc, selenium, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin C and dietary fiber were evaluated. Results The qualified rate of all kinds of food for students' lunch from high to low were 96.8% (116.4 g) of livestock and poultry meat, 92.3% (179.5 g) of cereal and potato, 65.0% (170.6 g) of vegetables, 47.7% (21.4 g) of soybeans and their products/nuts, 33.4% (18.0 g) of eggs, 14.4% (8.5 g) of fish and shrimp, 14.1% (19.6 g) of fruits, 0.3% (35.4 g) of milk and dairy products. There were significant differences in the qualified rate of various food intake among different grades(P < 0.05). The qualified rate of students' lunch energy was 76.9%(932.6 kcal). The qualified rates of various nutrients from high to low were iron 96.9%(9.7 mg), zinc 96.8%(5.9 mg), protein 96.4%(43.8 g), carbohydrate 87.6%(130.8 g) and selenium 82.9%(23.5 μg), vitamin C 78.5%(48.8 mg), vitamin B1 75.9%(0.5 mg), fat 74.3%(28.5 g), vitamin A 74.1%(327.1 μ g) vitamin B2 49.9%(0.5 mg), dietary fiber 19.5%(5.9 g) and calcium 13.4%(246.1 mg). There were significant differences in the qualified rates of energy and nutrients among different grades(P < 0.05). Conclusion The digital platform basically meets school lunch requirments on food types and nutrients, but still with problems regarding insufficient fish and shrimp, fruits, milk and dairy products, vitamin B2, dietary fiber and calcium. It is suggested to optimize school lunch recipes or increase corresponding nutrients content in other meals. -
Key words:
- Menu planning /
- Food habits /
- Eligibility determination /
- Nutritional status /
- Students
1) 利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。 -
表 1 天津市滨海新区各年级学生午餐各类食物摄入量比较(x±s, g)
Table 1. Lunch food intakes of students of all grades in Tianjin Binhai New Area(x±s, g)
年级 份数 谷薯类 蔬菜类 水果类 畜禽肉类 鱼虾类 蛋类 奶及奶制品 大豆类及其制品/坚果 其他 小学一至三年级 5 016 165.2±51.9 163.0±80.7 19.2±40.6 110.6±50.3 8.1±20.3 17.9±23.8 34.6±45.8 19.0±24.2 4.3±12.9 小学四至六年级 4 694 178.7±56.4 167.8±76.9 21.6±42.7 116.1±52.5 8.6±22.0 18.9±25.1 36.5±46.4 22.2±27.7 5.0±15.1 初中一至三年级 2 012 196.3±61.8 196.2±91.2 13.0±34.9 122.1±50.9 8.8±24.0 18.5±26.4 29.9±42.1 24.7±31.4 3.9±12.7 高中一至三年级 1 296 211.7±74.1 170.1±72.2 23.8±47.7 131.1±58.3 8.9±24.0 14.6±21.4 42.6±50.8 25.7±31.4 3.7±12.4 合计 13 018 179.5±59.6 170.6±81.0 19.6±41.5 116.4±52.4 8.5±21.9 18.0±24.5 35.4±46.1 21.7±27.5 4.4±13.7 F值 294.4 85.3 64.4 63.0 16.2 33.1 73.3 41.3 11.0 P值 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.01 
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表 2 天津市滨海新区各年级学生午餐各类食物摄入合格率比较
Table 2. Qualified lunch food intake of students of all grades in Tianjin Binhai New Area
年级 谷薯类 蔬菜类 水果类 畜禽肉类 份数 合格数 份数 合格数 份数 合格数 份数 合格数 小学一至三年级 4 891 4 619(94.4) 4 860 3 434(70.7) 5 134 815(15.9) 5 016 4 895(97.6) 小学四至六年级 4 592 4 190(91.2) 4 589 2 920(63.6) 4 682 838(17.9) 4 694 4 516(96.2) 初中一至三年级 1 977 1 788(90.4) 1 974 1 268(64.2) 1 908 116(6.1) 2 002 1 946(97.2) 高中一至三年级 1 269 1 153(90.9) 1 225 604(49.3) 1 170 49(4.2) 1 296 1 229(94.8) 合计 12 729 11 750(92.3) 12 648 8 226(65.0) 12 894 1 818(14.1) 13 008 12 586(96.8) χ2值 52.0 205.4 271.0 32.1 P值 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 年级 鱼虾类 蛋类 奶及奶制品 大豆类及其制品/坚果 份数 合格数 份数 合格数 份数 合格数 份数 合格数 小学一至三年级 5 016 761(15.2) 4 624 1 636(35.4) 5 015 18(0.4) 5 011 2 309(46.1) 小学四至六年级 4 694 690(14.7) 4 425 1 642(37.1) 4 688 4(0.1) 4 682 2 391(51.1) 初中一至三年级 1 993 254(12.7) 1 930 522(27.0) 2 004 3(0.1) 1 995 919(46.1) 高中一至三年级 1 283 166(12.9) 1 207 266(22.0) 1 270 16(1.3) 1 209 537(44.4) 合计 12 986 1 871(14.4) 12 186 4 066(33.4) 12 977 41(0.3) 12 897 6 156(47.7) χ2值 9.4 140.6 45.9 33.9 P值 0.02 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 注： ()内数字为合格率/%；部分午餐存在食物摄入数据缺失。
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表 3 天津市滨海新区各年级学生午餐各类营养素摄入量比较(x±s)
Table 3. Intake of various nutrients in lunch of students of all grades in Tianjin Binhai New Area(x±s)
年级 份数 能量/kcal 蛋白质/g 脂肪/g 碳水化合物/g 钙/mg 铁/mg 锌/mg 小学一至三年级 5 016 884.3±230.9 41.3±11.2 27.1±15.1 124.1±29.9 232.6±105.5 9.2±2.5 5.5±1.4 小学四至六年级 4 694 935.2±252.2 43.9±12.1 28.8±16.8 130.7±31.9 247.1±114.5 9.8±2.8 6.0±1.7 初中一至三年级 2 012 1 017.5±239.7 47.3±11.7 30.5±16.2 144.4±32.9 267.7±120.5 10.5±2.8 6.5±1.7 高中一至三年级 1 296 977.8±275.6 47.0±13.6 29.9±16.0 136.1±40.6 261.6±135.4 10.2±3.1 6.5±1.9 合计 13 018 932.6±249.2 43.8±12.1 28.5±16.0 130.8±33.0 246.1±115.1 9.7±2.7 5.9±1.7 F值 160.7 160.2 27.9 203.1 55.2 143.8 235.0 P值 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 年级 份数 硒/μg 维生素A/μg 维生素B1/mg 维生素B2/mg 维生素C/mg 膳食纤维/g 小学一至三年级 5 016 22.5±8.2 303.3±145.7 0.5±0.2 0.5±0.1 45.9±27.5 5.5±2.2 小学四至六年级 4 694 23.8±9.0 343.6±177.7 0.5±0.2 0.5±0.2 48.1±27.6 5.9±2.5 初中一至三年级 2 012 25.1±9.6 350.6±195.5 0.6±0.2 0.5±0.2 56.3±32.1 6.4±2.5 高中一至三年级 1 296 24.3±9.6 322.6±192.9 0.6±0.2 0.5±0.2 50.9±28.1 6.1±2.7 合计 13 018 23.5±8.9 327.1±172.0 0.5±0.2 0.5±0.2 48.8±28.6 5.9±2.4 F值 49.7 60.1 82.8 95.4 68.7 68.6 P值 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 注： 1 kcal=4.18 kJ。
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表 4 天津市滨海新区各年级学生午餐各类营养素摄入合格率比较
Table 4. Qualified intake of various nutrients in lunch for students of all grades in Tianjin Binhai New Area
年级 能量 蛋白质 脂肪 碳水化合物 钙 铁 锌 份数 合格数 份数 合格数 份数 合格数 份数 合格数 份数 合格数 份数 合格数 份数 合格数 小学一至三年级 5 016 4 444(88.6) 5 016 4 890(97.5) 5 016 4 005(79.8) 5 016 4 688(93.5) 5 016 912(18.2) 5 016 4 923(98.1) 5 016 4 924(98.2) 小学四至六年级 4 694 3 587(76.4) 4 694 4 503(95.9) 4 693 3 400(72.4) 4 694 4 132(88.0) 4 694 421(9.0) 4 694 4 542(96.8) 4 694 4 568(97.3) 初中一至三年级 2 012 1 388(69.0) 2 012 1 947(96.8) 2 012 1 433(71.2) 2 012 1 763(87.6) 2 012 266(13.2) 2 012 1 936(96.2) 2 012 1 909(94.9) 高中一至三年级 1 296 590(45.5) 1 296 1 205(93.0) 1 296 830(64.0) 1 296 823(63.5) 1 296 150(11.6) 1 296 1 216(93.8) 1 296 1 196(92.3) 合计 13 018 10 009(76.9) 13 018 12 545(96.4) 13 017 9 668(74.3) 13 018 11 406(87.6) 13 018 1 749(13.4) 13 018 12 617(96.9) 13 018 12 597(96.8) χ2值 1 175.5 64.0 170.4 853.2 181.6 70.4 142.0 P值 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 年级 硒 维生素A 维生素B1 维生素B2 维生素C 膳食纤维 份数 合格数 份数 合格数 份数 合格数 份数 合格数 份数 合格数 份数 合格数 小学一至三年级 5 016 4 695(93.6) 5 016 4 217(84.1) 5 015 4 476(89.3) 5 012 3 560(71.0) 5 013 4 226(84.3) 5 012 1 493(29.8) 小学四至六年级 4 694 4 034(85.9) 4 694 3 626(77.2) 4 691 3 724(79.4) 4 694 1 996(42.5) 4 690 3 705(79.0) 4 688 813(17.3) 初中一至三年级 2 012 1 265(62.9) 2 012 1 243(61.8) 2 012 1 208(60.0) 2 011 582(28.9) 2 012 1 466(72.9) 2 012 223(11.1) 高中一至三年级 1 296 799(61.7) 1 296 554(42.7) 1 296 471(36.3) 1 292 358(27.7) 1 296 817(63.0) 1 296 5(0.4) 合计 13 018 10 793(82.9) 13 018 9 640(74.1) 13 014 9 879(75.9) 13 009 6 496(49.9) 13 011 10 214(78.5) 13 008 2 534(19.5) χ2值 1 418.3 1 105.7 1 905.9 142.0 322.1 744.9 P值 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 注：部分午餐存在营养素数据缺失；()内数字为合格率/%。
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