Relationship between body composition and physical condition of children and adolescents
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摘要:
目的 了解儿童青少年体脂率(FM%)、体脂指数(FMI)、去脂体质量指数(FFMI)和体质量指数(BMI)与身体素质的关联性，为探讨身体成分指标对儿童青少年体育锻炼程度的潜在价值提供参考。 方法 数据来源于2013年教育部国家学生体质健康标准修订北京地区样本，采用Inbody 230对北京市4 069名6~20岁儿童青少年进行身体成分测定，用四分位数法将FM%、FMI、FFMI和BMI分别分成4组，用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件对4组的体测成绩进行差异性分析。 结果 男生FM%(20.03±10.39)和FMI[(4.35±2.84)kg/m2]均小于女生，而FFMI[(14.21±4.95)kg/m2]和BMI[(20.31±4.27)kg/m2]均大于女生(t值分别为-13.36，-7.66，11.49，8.16，P值均 < 0.01)。在男生中随着FM%和FMI增加，50 m跑、1 000 m跑、立定跳远和引体向上的成绩呈下降趋势; 随着FFMI增加，50 m跑、立定跳远和引体向上成绩有上升趋势。在女生中，随着FM%和FMI增加，50 m跑时间逐渐缩短，800 m跑时间逐渐增长；FFMI越大50 m跑时间呈现出下降趋势，而在800 m跑中未见FFMI的显著趋势性。4个体成分指标对于坐位体前屈和1 min仰卧起坐无明显预测作用。 结论 FM%、FMI、FFMI和BMI对于儿童青少年身体素质有很好的预测作用。FFMI较高、FM%和FMI较低者在肌肉爆发力、肌肉耐力、柔韧性、有氧能力、无氧能力方面有更好表现，且这种趋势在男生中更为明显。 Abstract:Objective To investigate the correlation between fat mass percentage(FM%), fat mass index(FMI), fat-free mass index(FFMI), body mass index (BMI) and physical fitness, and to explore the potential value of body composition index in predicting physical exercise level of children and adolescents. Methods Data came from 2013 revision of National Students' Physical Health Standard of Ministry of Education in Beijing. Body composition of 4 069 children and adolescents aged 6-20 years in Beijing was measured by the BIA(inbody 230). FM, FMI, FFMI and BMI were divided into four groups by quartile method. The differences and trends of the four groups were analyzed by graphpad prism 8.0 software. Results FM% (20.03±10.39) and FMIS [(4.35±2.84)kg/m2] of oys were significantly lower than those of girls, while FFMI [(14.21±4.95)kg/m2] and BMI [(20.31±4.27)kg/m2] of boys were significantly higher than those of girls(t=-13.36, -7.66, 11.49, 8.16, P < 0.01). In boys, with the increase of FM% and FMI, the performance of 50 m, 1 000 m, standing long jump and pull-up showed a downward trend; with the increase of FFMI, the performance of 50 m, standing long jump and pull-up had an obvious upward trend. In girls, with the increase of FM% and FMI, the 50 m running time was gradually shortened, and the 800 m running time was gradually increasing; High FFMI was associated with higher performance in 50 m running, while no association was observed between FFMI and 800 m running.Four body composition indicators showed no effects on performance of sitting forward flexion and 1-minute sit-up. Conclusion FM%, FMI, FFMI and BMI have a good predictive effect on physical fitness of children and adolescents. Adolescents with higher FFMI, lower FM% and FMI have better muscle burst strength, muscle endurance, flexibility, aerobic ability and anaerobic ability, especially in boys. -
Key words:
- Body composition /
- Physical fitness /
- Body mass index /
- Child /
- Adolescent
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表 1 不同性别学生身体成分比较(x ±s)
Table 1. Comparison of body composition data between different genders(x ±s)
性别 人数 FM/% FMI/
(kg·m-2)FFMI/
(kg·m-2)BMI/
(kg·m-2)男 2 010 20.03±10.39 4.35±2.84 14.21±4.95 20.31±4.27 女 2 059 24.53±11.10 5.04±2.89 12.58±4.03 19.27±3.77 t值 -13.36 -7.66 11.49 8.16 P值 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 
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表 2 男女生身体素质与各学段身体成分指标相关分析(r 值)
Table 2. Correlation between body composition and physical fitness in different gender and age groups(r)
性别 体成分指标 小学组 中学组 50 m跑 立定跳远 坐位
体前屈1 min
仰卧起坐1 000/800 m
跑50 m跑 立定跳远 坐位
体前屈引体向上/1 min
仰卧起坐男 FM% 0.04 -0.08 -0.11** -0.12** 0.27** 0.21** -0.20** -0.06 -0.13** FMI 0.06 -0.15 -0.09** -0.10** 0.22** 0.17** -0.19** -0.02 -0.07 FFMI -0.05 -0.01 -0.05 0.10** -0.06 -0.12** 0.05 0.11** 0.08 BMI 0.01 -0.08 -0.07* -0.05 0.09** 0.01 -0.07* 0.05 -0.04 女 FM% 0.01 -0.25 -0.04 -0.14** 0.16** 0.09** -0.10** 0.00 -0.06* FMI 0.02 -0.16 0.02 -0.13** 0.19* 0.10** -0.13** -0.00 -0.09** FFMI -0.14** 0.22 0.04 0.02 0.06 0.01 -0.03 0.08 -0.03 BMI -0.08* -0.13 0.03 -0.10** 0.17** 0.09** -0.12** 0.04 -0.10** 注：*P < 0.05，**P < 0.01。小学组男生964名，小学组女生947名，中学组男生1 046名，中学组女生1 112名。
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表 3 不同身体成分指标分组学生的50及1 000/800 m跑成绩比较(x ±s, s)
Table 3. Results of 50 and 1 000/800 m running in different groups of body composition(x ±s, s)
体成分指标 组别 统计值 男生(n=2 010) 女生(n=2 059) 50 m跑 1 000 m跑 50 m跑 800 m跑 FM% Q1 8.55±1.66 252.35±33.42 9.99±1.53 240.40±25.46 Q2 8.88±1.59 259.10±31.50 9.65±1.54 235.06±21.89 Q3 8.90±1.41 271.53±36.67 9.37±1.41 238.64±20.83 Q4 9.77±1.76 298.23±47.64 9.69±1.45 249.14±26.24 F值 40.98 42.85 12.18 13.13 P值 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 FMI Q1 8.76±1.72 254.43±36.31 9.99±1.58 235.74±22.92 Q2 8.99±1.64 256.30±31.40 9.82±1.54 234.00±20.99 Q3 8.81±1.48 266.77±37.44 9.32±1.43 238.12±18.82 Q4 9.45±1.74 289.12±45.19 9.58±1.36 250.79±27.66 F值 14.62 26.15 15.57 21.54 P值 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 FFMI Q1 9.91±1.93 272.09±41.50 10.61±1.71 244.44±25.25 Q2 9.88±1.48 276.86±39.08 9.91±1.50 241.54±22.99 Q3 8.55±1.34 267.07±43.43 9.19±1.21 237.25±20.83 Q4 8.04±1.08 263.90±36.40 9.12±1.05 244.72±26.60 F值 172.45 2.18 101.35 4.59 P值 < 0.01 0.09 < 0.01 < 0.01 BMI Q1 10.05±1.58 273.79±38.36 10.59±1.58 244.19±25.58 Q2 8.78±1.52 259.58±36.19 9.58±1.45 235.55±20.30 Q3 8.58±1.63 259.37±37.19 9.22±1.33 235.98±18.39 Q4 8.76±1.56 277.86±42.52 9.43±1.29 250.54±28.20 F值 68.93 11.57 69.90 21.95 P值 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01
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表 4 不同身体成分各指标分组男女生立定跳远/1 min仰卧起坐/引体向上及坐位体前屈成绩比较(x ±s)
Table 4. Results of the standing long jump/1-minute sit ups/pull ups and seat forward flexion in different groups of body compostion(x ±s)
体成分指标 组别 统计值 男生(n=2 010) 女生(n=2 059) 立定跳远/cm 引体向上/个 坐位体前屈/cm 立定跳远/cm 1 min仰卧起坐/个 坐位体前屈/cm FM% Q1 221.25±27.64 6.17±5.66 6.69±6.66 176.24±21.51 30.54±15.49 9.95±6.49 Q2 217.09±27.07 5.08±4.31 6.08±6.32 179.73±14.89 31.00±15.89 9.77±6.73 Q3 206.85±26.44 4.10±3.20 6.09±6.57 177.41±17.28 34.16±16.61 10.40±6.85 Q4 188.70±26.66 3.79±3.34 4.59±5.89 166.67±16.81 30.38±16.56 9.82±6.83 F值 33.05 5.83 9.84 22.15 5.33 0.95 P值 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.42 FMI Q1 222.98±27.63 5.79±5.45 6.18±6.55 176.71±18.06 30.86±15.24 9.71±6.62 Q2 213.88±28.25 5.60±4.97 6.20±6.24 180.94±18.66 30.27±15.37 9.65±6.49 Q3 211.03±25.95 4.66±3.88 6.17±6.53 176.52±15.99 34.57±17.00 10.72±7.02 Q4 193.81±28.49 4.08±3.48 4.91±6.22 167.74±17.92 30.39±16.63 9.89±6.71 F值 25.83 2.85 4.92 18.51 7.03 2.78 P值 < 0.01 0.04 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.04 FFMI Q1 211.40±33.32 4.16±3.17 5.65±5.91 174.61±18.50 29.99±14.78 9.24±6.23 Q2 188.64±21.99 2.76±1.75 5.28±6.00 175.75±19.86 29.27±15.57 9.77±6.52 Q3 210.19±29.33 5.23±4.84 5.05±6.34 174.36±15.10 34.37±16.04 10.36±6.72 Q4 215.19±27.65 5.59±5.00 7.49±7.05 173.05±19.34 31.90±17.51 10.61±7.31 F值 9.88 2.90 15.27 0.64 8.50 4.32 P值 < 0.01 0.04 < 0.01 0.59 < 0.01 < 0.01 BMI Q1 194.65±26.33 3.12±2.47 5.47±5.62 179.73±25.57 28.16±14.12 9.47±6.03 Q2 217.66±27.54 5.46±4.92 5.79±6.31 177.79±16.86 32.83±15.53 9.72±7.03 Q3 215.61±29.72 5.75±5.36 6.29±6.88 176.11±15.31 33.79±16.89 10.70±6.59 Q4 204.73±28.77 4.48±3.60 5.90±6.74 169.16±18.68 30.62±17.11 10.09±7.15 F值 10.90 3.82 1.38 11.20 8.96 3.20 P值 < 0.01 0.03 0.25 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.20
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