中国中小学校卫生人员队伍结构分析

赵田杰; 朱广荣; 胡真; 姚海舟; 王海雪; 马军; 董彦会

doi:10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.11.030

中国中小学校卫生人员队伍结构分析

doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.11.030

赵田杰¹,
朱广荣^2, ,,
胡真^{1, 2},
姚海舟^{1, 2},
王海雪^{1, 2},
马军^{1, 2},
董彦会^{1, 2}

1.
北京大学公共卫生学院，北京 100191
2.
北京大学儿童青少年卫生研究所

详细信息

作者简介:
赵田杰(2000-)，女，山西临汾人，在读本科

通讯作者:
朱广荣，E-mail：zhuguangrong@bjmu.edu.cn

中图分类号: G478 R192
计量
- 文章访问数: 734
- HTML全文浏览量: 276
- PDF下载量: 78
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-05-29
- 修回日期: 2021-07-10
- 网络出版日期: 2021-12-01
- 刊出日期: 2021-11-25

School health personnel in primary and secondary schools in China

ZHAO Tianjie¹,
ZHU Guangrong^{2
, ,},
HU Zhen^{1, 2},
YAO Haizhou^{1, 2},
WANG Haixue^{1, 2},
MA Jun^{1, 2},
DONG Yanhui^{1, 2}

1.
School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing(100191), China

摘要

摘要: 目的了解中小学校卫生人员的队伍结构现况，为加强学校卫生人员队伍建设、优化队伍结构提供建议和参考。方法于2015—2016年采取分层随机整群抽样方法，选取覆盖中国16个省/自治区/直辖市的26个调研点，10 027所中小学校，共对9 536名学校卫生工作人员进行问卷调查。结果 9 536位学校卫生工作人员中，岗位类型多样，小学兼职保健教师最多，占77.6%，专职校医只占10.0%；高中专职校医最多，占70.7%，兼职保健教师只占15.1%。上岗途径中学校内调剂上岗者最多，占65.0%。职称系列中教师系列最多，占67.4%。职称级别以初级和中级为主，各占42.6%。工资档次主要为中档、中低档和低档，分别占39.3%, 27.9%和21.1%。结论学校卫生人员的学历和年龄结构较合理，但医学背景和专职校医比例较低，职称系列多样，职称和工资待遇相对较低，职业发展空间受限。需要从政策层面做好顶层设计，明确定位改善学校卫生工作人员队伍结构，满足新时期学校卫生工作高质量发展需求。
- 卫生人员 /
- 组织和管理 /
- 公共卫生 /
- 问卷调查
Abstract: Objective To understand the current status of the team structure of health personnel in primary and secondary schools, and to provide suggestions and references for strengthening and optimizing school health workforce. Methods A nationwide stratified random cluster sampling method was adopted to select provinces for investigation in stratification from 2015-2016, a total of 16 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government, 26 survey sites, 10 027 primary and secondary schools, 9 536 questionnaires of health personnel were collected. Results Among the 9 536 school health staffs, there were various types of positions, and different types of schools had different position types construction. Elementary schools had the most part-time health care teachers, accounting for 77.6%, while full-time school doctors only accounting 10.0%; high schools had the most full-time school doctors, accounting for 65.7%, and part-time health care teachers only accounting for 15.1%. There were various employment channels, with the most transfer jobs in schools, accounting for 70.7%. The series of professional titles were diverse, with the teaching profession accounting for 67.4%. Most of school health teachers had junior and intermediate professional titles, accounting for 42.6%, respectively. Proportion of medium, medium-low, and low level of salary accounted for 39.3%, 27.9% and 21.1% respectively. Conclusion The educational background and age distribution of school health personnel is reasonable, but the proportions of medical background and full-time school doctors are relatively low. School health personnel have various job types, professional titles, salary level, and limited space of career development. Top-level design from the policy level, and clearly defined improve the structure of school health personnel to meet the needs of high-quality development of school health work in the new era.
- Health personnel /
- Organization and administration /
- Public health /
- Questionnaires

HTML全文

表 1 中国不同类型学校卫生人员岗位类型分布

Table 1. The composition of job types of school health personnel in different school levels in 16 provinces in China

学校类型	样本数	专职校医	兼职校医	获得教师证的校医	专职保健教师	兼职保健教师	其他
小学	6 015	600(10.0)	218(3.6)	174(2.9)	312(5.2)	4 668(77.6)	43(0.7)
初中	1 793	568(31.7)	98(5.5)	68(3.8)	96(5.4)	957(53.4)	6(0.3)
高中	616	405(65.7)	49(8.0)	19(3.1)	49(8.0)	93(15.1)	1(0.2)
九年制	618	176(28.5)	42(6.8)	19(3.1)	35(5.7)	344(55.7)	2(0.3)
十二年制	482	387(80.3)	29(6.0)	9(1.9)	10(2.1)	47(9.8)	0
合计	9 524	2 136(22.4)	436(4.6)	289(3.0)	502(5.3)	6 109(64.1)	52(0.5)
注：()内数字为构成比/%。

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 不同医学背景及职称编制工资情况学校卫生人员在各岗位的分布比较

Table 2. Comparison of the distribution of health personnel in different positions in different groups of medical background and the establishment of professional titles

组别	选项	专职校医(n=2 136)	兼职校医(n=436)	获得教师证的校医(n=289)	专职保健教师(n=502)	兼职保健教师(n=6 109)	其他(n=52)	合计(n=9 524)	χ²值
医学背景	有	2 135(100.0)	435(99.8)	270(93.1)	104(20.7)	163(2.7)	2(3.8)	3 109(32.6)	8 325.87
	无	1(0.0)	1(0.2)	20(6.9)	398(79.3)	5 946(97.3)	50(96.2)	6 416(67.4)
职称系列	无	181(8.7)	51(12.0)	23(8.4)	61(12.4)	541(9.1)	9(18.8)	866(9.3)	6 986.01
	临床	931(44.5)	167(39.2)	15(5.5)	3(0.6)	21(0.4)	1(2.1)	1 138(12.2)
	预防	133(6.4)	20(4.7)	8(2.9)	12(2.4)	29(0.5)	1(2.1)	203(2.2)
	教师	142(6.8)	121(28.4)	220(80.0)	403(82.1)	5 352(89.7)	34(70.8)	6 272(67.4)
	护理	618(29.5)	55(12.9)	6(2.2)	1(0.2)	0	0	680(7.3)
	中医	49(2.3)	6(1.4)	1(0.4)	0	0	0	56(0.6)
	药学	19(0.9)	2(0.5)	0	0	0	0	21(0.2)
	口腔	5(0.2)	2(0.5)	0	0	0	0	7(0.1)
	检验	3(0.1)	2(0.5)	0	0	0	0	5(0.1)
	其他	11(0.5)	0	2(0.7)	11(2.2)	24(0.4)	3(6.3)	51(0.5)
职称级别	无	219(10.3)	76(17.7)	29(10.2)	74(14.9)	645(10.7)	9(18.0)	1 052(11.2)	98.92
	初级	995(46.8)	168(39.2)	133(46.8)	165(33.3)	2 533(41.9)	18(36.0)	4 012(42.6)
	中级	862(40.6)	172(40.1)	117(41.2)	218(44.0)	2 625(43.4)	22(44.0)	4 016(42.6)
	副高级	43(2.0)	13(3.0)	5(1.8)	38(7.7)	223(3.7)	1(2.0)	323(3.4)
	正高级	5(0.2)	0	0	1(0.2)	17(0.3)	0	23(0.2)
编制类型	正式	1 545(73.1)	255(59.3)	259(89.3)	461(92.2)	5615(92.4)	42(82.4)	8 177(86.4)	848.04
	临时	312(14.8)	62(14.4)	17(5.9)	17(3.4)	239(3.9)	6(11.8)	653(6.9)
	其他	256(12.1)	113(26.3)	14(4.8)	22(4.4)	224(3.7)	3(5.9)	632(6.7)
工资档次	高档	22(1.0)	3(0.7)	3(1.0)	10(2.0)	101(1.7)	0	139(1.5)	662.46
	中高档	153(7.2)	21(4.8)	20(6.9)	93(18.6)	676(11.2)	5(10.0)	968(10.2)
	中档	483(22.8)	168(38.6)	96(33.3)	218(43.5)	2 721(44.9)	28(56.0)	3 714(39.3)
	中低档	718(33.8)	99(22.8)	111(38.5)	98(19.6)	1 599(26.4)	12(24.0)	2 637(27.9)
	低档	747(35.2)	144(33.1)	58(20.1)	82(16.4)	962(15.9)	5(10.0)	1 998(21.1)
注：()内数字为构成比/%；P值均＜0.01。

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 中国16省中小学校不同岗位卫生人员上岗途径构成比

Table 3. The composition of health personnel in different positions in primary and secondary schools in 16 Provinces in China

岗位类型	人数	社会招聘	毕业生招聘	临聘	返聘	学校内调剂	学校间调剂	保健所派驻	社区医疗中心派驻	其他
专职校医	1 946	876(45.0)	259(13.3)	149(7.7)	61(3.1)	363(18.7)	122(6.3)	10(0.5)	90(4.6)	289(14.9)
兼职校医	416	92(22.1)	57(13.7)	50(12.0)	5(1.2)	123(29.6)	21(5.0)	13(3.1)	78(18.8)	36(8.7)
获得教师证的校医	280	53(18.9)	53(18.9)	7(2.5)	5(1.8)	171(61.1)	29(10.4)	0	3(1.1)	12(4.3)
专职保健教师	489	35(7.2)	47(9.6)	10(2.0)	7(1.4)	408(83.4)	26(5.3)	0	0	3(0.6)
兼职保健教师	5 821	24(0.4)	324(5.6)	44(0.8)	30(0.5)	5 259(90.3)	465(8.0)	1(0.0)	4(0.1)	19(0.3)
其他	39	1(2.6)	1(2.6)	1(2.6)	0	34(87.2)	3(7.7)	0	0	0
注：()内数字为构成比/%；有11人岗位缺失，537人入职途径缺失。部分卫生人员选择多个入职途径，总响应数为9 773。

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(9)

[1]	马军. 当前学校卫生工作的机遇和挑战[J]. 中国学校卫生, 2012, 33(1): 1-4. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XIWS201201004.htm MA J. Opportunities and challenges of current school health work[J]. Chin J Sch Health, 2012, 33(1): 1-4. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XIWS201201004.htm
[2]	姚海舟, 朱广荣, 张芯, 等. 中国16省中小学校校医配备现状分析[J]. 中国学校卫生, 2018, 39(10): 1455-1458. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.10.005 YAO H Z, ZHU G R, ZHANG X, et al. Current situation and analysis of school physicians in primary and secondary schools in 16 provinces in China[J]. Chin J Sch Health, 2018, 39(10): 1455-1458. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.10.005
[3]	仇元营, 余小鸣, 张芯, 等. 我国中小学校专职校医配备现状[J]. 中国学校卫生, 2014, 35(11): 1746-1748. http://www.cjsh.org.cn/article/id/zgxxws201411050 QIU Y Y, YU X M, ZHANG X, et al. Current situation of full-time school doctors in primary and secondary schools in China[J]. Chin J Sch Health, 2014, 35(11): 1746-1748. http://www.cjsh.org.cn/article/id/zgxxws201411050
[4]	国家教委, 卫生部. 学校卫生工作条例[J]. 中国校医, 1990(3): 1-4. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-WSJD201904021.htm National Education Commission of the PRC, Ministry of Health of the PRC. Regulations on School Health Work[J]. Chin J School Doctor, 1990(3): 1-4. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-WSJD201904021.htm
[5]	林琼芬, 王琦, 郭仰峰, 等. 广州市中小学校校医配备现状[J]. 中国学校卫生, 2017, 38(8): 1222-1224. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2017.08.029 LIN Q F, WANG Q, GUO Y F, et al. School physician/healthcare teachers in primary and secondary schools in Guangzhou[J]. Chin J Sch Health, 2017, 38(8): 1222-1224. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2017.08.029
[6]	刘仲明, 郭钜旋, 佘梓杰, 等. 建立购买服务方式配置校医模式的实例分析[J]. 中国校医, 2019, 33(7): 484-486, 518. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XIYI201907003.htm LIU Z M, GUO J X, SHE Z J, et al. Feasibility analysis of establishing configuration model with servicepurchasing[J]. Chin J School Doctor, 2019, 33(7): 484-486, 518. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XIYI201907003.htm
[7]	林琼芬, 陈静仪, 张赛, 等. 广州市中小学校多渠道配置校医模式现况[J]. 中国学校卫生, 2019, 40(8): 1264-1267. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2019.08.041 LIN Q F, CHEN J Y, ZHANG S, et al. The current situation of multi-channel configuration of school doctors in primary and secondary schools in Guangzhou[J]. Chin J Sch Health, 2019, 40(8): 1264-1267. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2019.08.041
[8]	王海雪, 朱广荣, 温萌萌, 等. 中国中小学校卫生人员聘任模式现况[J]. 中国学校卫生, 2017, 38(3): 475-477. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2017.03.050 WANG H X, ZHU G R, WEN M M, et al. Current status of the employment model of health personnel in primary and secondary schools in China[J]. Chin J Sch Health, 2017, 38(3): 475-477. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2017.03.050
[9]	王海雪, 朱广荣, 张芯, 等. 中国中小学校卫生人员未来2年工作意愿及影响因素[J]. 中国学校卫生, 2018, 39(5): 751-754. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.05.032 WANG H X, ZHU G R, ZHANG X, et al. Analysis of school health personnel's working willingness in the coming two years and its influencing factors in primary and secondary schools in China[J]. Chin J Sch Health, 2018, 39(5): 751-754. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.05.032