学龄前儿童静态站姿平衡及其姿势控制策略

黄春香; 郝增明; 王健

doi:10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.11.024

学龄前儿童静态站姿平衡及其姿势控制策略

doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.11.024

1.
武夷学院体育教学部, 福建武夷山 354300
2.
浙江大学体育科学与技术研究所

基金项目:

国家重点研发计划项目 2018YFF0300502

详细信息

作者简介:
黄春香(1979- )，女，广东普宁人，硕士，副教授，主要研究方向为幼儿体育与姿势控制

中图分类号: G617.8 R179 G804.49
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-03-15
- 修回日期: 2021-07-15
- 网络出版日期: 2021-12-01
- 刊出日期: 2021-11-25

Static balance and control strategy in preschool children

1.
Physical Education Department of Wuyi University, Wuyishan (354300), Fujian Province, China

摘要

摘要: 目的探讨3~6岁学龄前儿童静态站姿平衡能力及其控制策略的增龄性规律和特点，为幼儿体质研究和体育教育实践提供重要参考。方法 2018年1—3月，采用随机抽样方法，选取杭州市幼儿园105名3~6岁学龄前儿童为研究对象，采用2×2×3(本体感觉×视觉×年龄)三因素实验设计方案，分别在4种站姿条件下进行15 s的静态站姿平衡能力测试。依据压力中心(enter of pressure, COP)变化量化考察静态站姿平衡能力，依据COP频域分析和非线性分析量化考察姿势控制策略。结果在睁眼/硬地条件下，3~、4~和5~6岁儿童的AP_MV和ML_MV分别为18.05，16.00，13.40；13.55，11.03，10.12 mm/s；在闭眼/硬地条件下，3个年龄段儿童的AP_MV和ML_MV分别为21.01，19.60，15.10；12.20，10.20，10.00 mm/s。随年龄增长，左-右、前-后方向的晃动幅度和平均晃动速度均减小(P值均 < 0.01)。在睁眼/硬地和闭眼/硬地条件下，左-右方向的高频段和前-后方向的低频段均随年龄增长显著增加(P值均 < 0.01)。在睁眼/硬地条件下，3个年龄段AP_MF和AP_HF的值分别是29.00，28.61，27.20；7.45，7.44，6.01，前-后方向的中频段和高频段随年龄增长显著减小(P值均 < 0.01)。在睁眼/硬地和闭眼/硬地条件下，3~、4~和5~6岁儿童的ML_FD分别为1.43，1.44，1.52；1.49，1.48，1.56 mm，AP_FD分别为1.58，1.56，1.52；1.63，1.61，1.58，AP_MSE分别为6.81，6.90，5.61；7.25，7.41，6.60。左-右方向的分形维数随年龄增长显著增加，而前-后方向的分形维数和多尺度熵显著减小(P值均 < 0.01)。结论 3~6岁学龄前儿童静态站姿平衡能力随年龄增长呈现非线性变化的特点，5~6岁学龄前儿童比3~5岁的静态站姿平衡能力有显著改善；3~5岁和5~6岁学龄前儿童在静态站姿中的平衡控制策略不同。
- 生长和发育 /
- 线性模型 /
- 儿童，学龄前 /
- 本体感觉
Abstract: Objective To explore the age-related increases and characteristics of static stance balance and control strategies of 3-6 years old preschool children, and to provide a reference for the research of children's physique and the practice of physical education. Methods Using a 2×2×3 (proprioceptive×visual×age) three-factor experimental design, standing balance was tested among 105 preschool children aged 3-6 years who were subjected to static for 15 s under four standing postures from January to March 2018. Quantitatively examine the static stance balance ability based on changes in the center of pressure (COP), and quantitatively examine the posture control strategy based on COP frequency domain analysis and nonlinear analysis. Results Among children aged 3-, 4- and 5-6 years old under the condition of open eyes/hard ground AP_ MV and ML_ MV were 18.05, 16.00, 13.40; 13.55, 11.03, 10.12 mm/s respectively; Under the condition of closed eyes/hard ground, children in three age groupsAP_ MV and ML_ MV were 21.01, 19.60, 15.10; 12.20, 10.20, 10.00 mm/s respectively among three age groups of children. The Results showed that the sloshing amplitude and average sloshing velocity decrease significantly with age(P < 0.01). Under the conditions of open/hard ground and closed/hard ground, the high frequency band in the left-right direction and the low frequency band in the anterior-posterior direction increased significantly with age (P < 0.01). Under the condition of open eyes/hard ground, three age groups of AP_ MF and AP_ HF among three age groups of children were 29.00, 28.61, 27.20; 7.45, 7.44 6.01, respectively, indicating that the middle and high frequency bands (P < 0.01) in the anterior posterior direction decreased significantly with age. ML_FD of children aged 3-, 4- and 5-6 years old under the condition of open eyes/hard ground and closed eyes/hard ground was 1.43, 1.44, 1.52; 1.49, 1.48, 1.56/mm, AP_ FD was 1.58, 1.56, 1.52; 1.56, 1.63, 1.61; AP_MSE was 6.81, 6.90, 5.61; 7.25, 7.41, 6.60, respectively. The Results show that the fractal dimension in the left-right direction increases significantly with age, while the fractal dimension and multi-scale entropy in the front back direction decrease significantly(P < 0.01). Conclusion The static stance balance ability of 3-6 years old preschool children shows non-linear changes with age, the static posture balance ability of 5-6 years old preschool children is significantly better than that of 3-5 years old, and the balance control strategies of 5-6 years old preschool children is different from that of 3-5 years old.
- Growth and development /
- Linear models /
- Child, preschool /
- Proprioception

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表 1 不同年龄组儿童在不同站姿下COP传统特征指标比较(x±s)

Table 1. Traditional characteristic indicators of COP in different stances (x±s)

年龄/岁	人数	睁眼/硬地				闭眼/硬地
年龄/岁	人数	ML_SD/mm	AP_SD/mm	ML_MV/(mm·s^-1)	AP_MV/(mm·s^-1)	ML_SD/mm	AP_SD/mm	ML_MV/(mm·s^-1)	AP_MV/(mm·s^-1)
3~	35	5.82±3.21	5.96±2.10	13.55±5.01	18.05±4.01	4.13±2.32	6.33±1.86	12.20±2.21	21.01±5.00
4~	36	4.25±1.68	5.26±2.00	11.03±4.98	16.00±4.00	3.82±1.91	6.02±1.84	10.20±2.20	19.60±4.99
5~6	34	3.82±2.51	5.51±2.10	10.12±5.02	13.40±4.02	3.31±2.31	5.93±1.87	10.00±2.25	15.10±3.90
F值		2.81	1.09	2.59	7.06	2.01	1.05	0.93	8.16
P值		0.07	0.34	0.08	< 0.01	0.14	0.35	0.40	< 0.01

年龄/岁	人数	睁眼/软垫				闭眼/软垫
年龄/岁	人数	ML_SD/mm	AP_SD/mm	ML_MV/(mm·s^-1)	AP_MV/(mm·s^-1)	ML_SD/mm	AP_SD/mm	ML_MV/(mm·s^-1)	AP_MV/(mm·s^-1)
3~	35	8.02±5.72	7.62±3.51	18.00±10.11	25.06±6.00	8.01±4.75	10.91±3.70	22.10±5.61	38.03±9.31
4~	36	6.27±1.92	6.91±3.40	17.00±5.23	19.60±6.01	8.10±4.74	11.05±3.71	25.01±9.60	38.00±10.32
5~6	34	5.77±4.80	9.11±4.01	16.60±7.00	19.40±5.23	5.94±3.70	10.77±3.50	12.00±4.70	27.02±5.10
F值		2.44	6.74	1.04	4.00	4.24	0.25	7.37	8.66
P值		0.09	< 0.01	0.36	< 0.01	0.02	0.78	< 0.01	< 0.01

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表 2 不同站姿下COP频域特征指标比较(x±s)

Table 2. COP frequency domain characteristic index in different stances (x±s)

组别	年龄/岁	人数	统计值	ML_LF	AP_LF	ML_MF	AP_MF	ML_HF	AP_HF
睁眼/硬地	3~	35		61.00±8.32	64.01±6.51	30.20±8.00	29.00±4.21	6.91±3.67	7.45±3.10
	4~	36		62.03±8.10	64.20±6.92	29.00±7.98	28.61±4.73	7.20±5.10	7.44±3.12
	5~6	34		60.10±7.36	67.10±6.00	29.63±6.52	27.20±4.20	8.10±4.28	6.01±2.85
			F值	0.60	2.84	0.59	1.24	1.24	2.45
			P值	0.55	0.06	0.56	0.10	0.29	0.09
闭眼/硬地	3~	35		59.00±9.05	59.02±8.01	32.01±10.03	32.20±8.32	7.20±3.67	8.00±2.22
	4~	36		58.50±9.00	61.20±7.80	32.10±9.00	28.51±4.60	7.21±3.64	8.40±3.71
	5~6	34		57.20±8.95	65.00±7.70	32.00±8.71	28.10±4.71	9.10±5.35	7.10±2.00
			F值	0.43	2.77	0.01	2.91	3.83	4.24
			P值	0.66	0.07	0.99	0.06	0.03	0.02
睁眼/软垫	3~	35		60.00±9.00	58.10±6.80	31.10±9.42	33.00±6.50	5.82±3.50	7.45±3.10
	4~	36		58.50±9.10	58.20±6.80	32.00±9.50	33.00±7.01	5.86±3.48	7.20±2.85
	5~6	34		58.71±8.60	66.50±6.65	30.90±8.92	28.00±6.50	7.45±3.85	5.81±2.80
			F值	0.32	8.89	0.64	7.96	2.62	6.20
			P值	0.73	< 0.01	0.53	< 0.01	0.08	< 0.01
闭眼/软垫	3~	35		55.10±9.05	50.20±8.01	38.00±10.01	41.00±8.00	6.21±2.60	8.45±3.90
	4~	36		48.21±6.31	50.30±8.00	42.02±7.98	41.00±8.30	6.65±2.45	8.32±2.30
	5~6	34		52.30±8.75	56.10±7.25	37.60±8.02	35.12±8.20	6.75±2.58	6.92±2.01
			F值	3.43	6.81	4.50	5.12	0.93	8.10
			P值	0.04	< 0.01	0.01	< 0.01	0.40	< 0.01

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表 3 不同站姿下COP非线性特征指标比较(x±s)

Table 3. Nonlinear characteristic index of COP in different stances (x±s)

年龄/岁	人数	睁眼/硬地				闭眼/硬地
年龄/岁	人数	ML_FD	AP_FD	ML_MSE	AP_MSE	ML_FD	AP_FD	ML_MSE	AP_MSE
3~	35	1.43±0.11	1.58±0.11	6.21±3.98	6.81±1.98	1.49±0.09	1.63±0.09	7.20±3.50	7.25±2.04
4~	36	1.44±0.13	1.56±0.13	5.80±2.31	6.90±2.00	1.48±0.08	1.61±0.10	7.10±3.02	7.41±2.31
5~6	34	1.52±0.10	1.52±0.14	7.50±3.52	5.61±1.99	1.56±0.11	1.58±0.10	8.15±3.90	6.60±2.01
F值		5.37	2.23	1.98	5.47	5.01	2.01	0.97	2.39
P值		< 0.01	0.11	0.14	< 0.01	< 0.01	0.14	0.38	0.10

年龄/岁	人数	睁眼/软垫				闭眼/软垫
年龄/岁	人数	ML_FD	AP_FD	ML_MSE	AP_MSE	ML_FD	AP_FD	ML_MSE	AP_MSE
3~	35	1.36±0.08	1.63±0.09	5.71±2.01	6.82±1.80	1.41±0.09	1.69±0.05	6.83±1.99	7.80±2.10
4~	36	1.37±0.08	1.63±0.09	5.71±2.00	6.85±1.95	1.44±0.06	1.70±0.05	7.04±1.97	7.81±2.08
5~6	34	1.42±0.10	1.49±0.13	5.82±2.12	4.20±1.70	1.43±0.07	1.57±0.09	6.13±2.02	4.83±1.82
F值		3.69	13.25	0.44	18.23	0.76	12.37	1.59	12.25
P值		< 0.01	< 0.01	0.65	< 0.01	0.47	< 0.01	0.21	< 0.01

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