The influence of parental company time before and after having second child on the emotional and behavioral problems of preschool firstborn children
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摘要:
目的 探索怀二孩前后父母陪伴时间变化对学龄前大孩情绪行为问题的影响，为降低大孩情绪行为问题的发生和保障健康成长提供参考。 方法 2019年3—12月对重庆市2所三甲医院招募符合标准的大孩母亲进行问卷调查，被调查的845名大孩平均年龄为(3.56±1.24)岁，通过χ2检验比较男、女童基本情况及父母陪伴情况，秩和检验比较不同父母陪伴情况下大孩情绪行为的差异，多重线性回归模型比较不同父母陪伴情况下大孩内化问题、外化问题和整体问题的差异。 结果 怀二孩后父母对大孩的陪伴时间均有减少，其中母亲对大孩陪伴时间的减少及父母对大孩总陪伴时间的减少有统计学意义(Z值分别为3.76，2.86，P值均 < 0.05)。母亲陪伴时间减少(B=1.18，95%CI=0.01~2.36)和父母总陪伴时间减少(B=1.41，95%CI=0.33~2.48)的大孩内化问题得分更高；父母总陪伴时间减少的大孩外化问题(B=1.25，95%CI=0.10~2.39)与整体问题(B=4.31，95%CI=1.05~7.57)得分更高。 结论 父母陪伴时间对大孩的情绪行为有重要影响，怀二孩后父母陪伴时间减少的大孩情绪行为问题得分较高。 Abstract:Objective To explore the influence of parental company before and after having second child on the emotional and behavioral problems of preschool firstborn children, and to provide a reference for emotional problems prevention of firstborn children. Methods Questionnaire survey was conducted among mothers of firstborn children who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria from two Grade A hospitals in Chongqing from March to December 2019. The average age of 845 firstborn children was (3.56±1.24) years old. The chi-square test was used to compare the general characteristics and parent company of boys and girls. Rank sum test was used to compare the differences of emotional and behavioral problems of firstborn children with different parents' company. Multiple linear regression models were used to compare the differences of internalizing, externalizing and total problems in firstborn children with different parents' company. Results After having the second child, parents spent less time with their firstborn children, among which the decrease of the accompanying time of the mother and the total accompanying time of the parents were statistically significant(Z=3.76, 2.86, P < 0.05). The scores of internalizing problem were higher when the mother's company time decreased (B=1.18, 95%CI=0.01-2.36) and the parents' total company time decreased(B=1.41, 95%CI=0.33-2.48). The scores of the externalizing problem (B=1.25, 95%CI=0.10-2.39) and the total problem (B=4.31, 95%CI=1.05-7.57) with the decrease of parents' total company time were higher. Conclusion Parent company has an important influence on the emotional and behavioral problems of firstborn children. Firstborn children whose parents' accompanying time decreases after having second children scored higher on emotional and behavioral problems. -
Key words:
- Legal guardians /
- Emotions /
- Behavior /
- Mental health /
- Regression analysis /
- Child, preschool
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表 1 怀二孩前后不同组别大孩父母陪伴时间变化分布比较
Table 1. Comparison of the distribution of companionship time among firstborn children of different groups before and after having second child
组别 选项 人数 不变 减少 增加 χ2值 P值 年龄/岁 1~2 303 225(74.26) 61(20.13) 17(5.61) 7.34 0.03 3~5 503 378(75.15) 75(14.91) 50(9.94) 家庭类型 核心型 127 94(74.02) 17(13.39) 16(12.60) 4.48 0.11 大家庭 685 515(75.18) 119(17.37) 51(7.45) 抚养教育人 父母 446 341(76.46) 72(16.14) 33(7.40) 3.92 0.42 隔代 63 44(69.84) 15(23.81) 4(6.35) 父母和隔代 297 220(74.07) 48(16.16) 29(9.76) 气质类型 容易抚养型 759 570(75.10) 129(17.00) 60(7.91) 4.60 0.33 抚育困难型 27 20(74.07) 2(7.41) 5(18.52) 发展缓慢型 21 15(71.43) 4(19.05) 2(9.52) 家庭经济压力 较小 138 109(78.99) 20(14.49) 9(6.52) 4.98 0.29 中等 425 325(76.47) 65(15.29) 35(8.24) 较大 249 175(70.28) 51(20.48) 23(9.24) 父亲文化程度 初中及以下 35 30(85.71) 2(5.71) 3(8.57) 13.70 0.03 高中 86 61(70.93) 12(13.95) 13(15.12) 大专及本科 579 426(73.58) 109(18.83) 44(7.60) 硕士及以上 112 92(82.14) 13(11.61) 7(6.25) 母亲文化程度 初中及以下 22 14(63.64) 3(13.64) 5(22.73) 7.65 0.27 高中 88 64(72.73) 13(14.77) 11(12.50) 大专及本科 613 463(75.53) 104(16.97) 46(7.50) 硕士及以上 89 68(76.40) 16(17.98) 5(5.62) 父母关系 一般 56 42(75.00) 9(16.07) 5(8.93) 1.81 0.77 比较好 296 220(74.32) 47(15.88) 29(9.80) 很好 460 347(75.43) 80(17.39) 33(7.17) 父子关系 一般 48 34(70.83) 8(16.67) 6(12.50) 8.94 0.06 比较好 225 154(68.44) 47(20.89) 24(10.67) 很好 539 421(78.11) 81(15.03) 37(6.86) 母子关系 比较好 136 97(71.32) 26(19.12) 13(9.56) 1.18 0.55 很好 676 512(75.74) 110(16.27) 54(7.99) 家庭氛围 一般 63 45(71.43) 9(14.29) 9(14.29) 3.68 0.45 比较和谐 486 363(74.69) 84(17.28) 39(8.02) 很和谐 261 200(76.63) 42(16.09) 19(7.28) 父亲教养方式 忽视型 40 30(75.00) 6(15.00) 4(10.00) 5.51 0.48 溺爱型 121 89(73.55) 20(16.53) 12(9.92) 专制型 97 65(67.01) 20(20.62) 12(12.37) 民主型 549 421(76.68) 89(16.21) 39(7.10) 母亲教养方式 忽视型 7 4(57.14) 2(28.57) 1(14.29) 5.62 0.47 溺爱型 67 55(82.09) 10(14.93) 2(2.99) 专制型 70 51(72.86) 14(20.00) 5(7.14) 民主型 660 493(74.70) 108(16.36) 59(8.94) 注： ()内数字为构成比/%；部分项目存在缺失数据。 
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表 2 怀二孩前后父母对大孩的陪伴时间比较(x ±s, h·d-1)
Table 2. Comparison of parental companionship time for the firstborn children before and after having second child (x ±s, h·d-1)
时间 人数 父亲对大孩的陪伴 母亲对大孩的陪伴 父母对大孩的总陪伴 怀二孩前 845 11.34±8.50 16.64±8.18 27.89±14.74 怀二孩后 845 11.28±8.48 16.35±8.17 27.59±14.62 Z值 0.40 3.76 2.86 P值 0.69 0.00 0.00
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表 3 怀二孩前后不同父母陪伴时间变化下大孩情绪行为得分比较(x ±s)
Table 3. The scores of firstborn children's emotional and behavioral problems in different groups before and after having second child(x ±s)
陪伴 时间 人数 统计值 情绪行为因子 综合问题 情绪反应性 躯体主诉 睡眠问题 攻击性行为 焦虑/抑郁 退缩行为 注意力问题 内化问题 外化问题 整体问题 父亲 不变 713 1.45±1.85 1.70±1.83 2.36±2.12 6.46±5.28 2.29±1.99 1.58±1.79 2.06±1.77 7.01±6.18 8.52±6.59 24.67±18.73 减少 54 1.83±2.09 2.06±1.94 2.46±1.87 8.41±6.20 2.91±2.20 2.28±2.10 2.46±1.60 9.07±6.89 10.87±7.30 30.96±20.34 增加 46 1.57±1.39 1.67±1.79 2.57±2.14 7.07±5.06 2.76±1.93 1.91±1.58 2.22±1.69 7.91±5.37 9.28±6.25 27.61±17.04 Z值 4.64 3.02 1.21 5.71 7.63* 10.42** 4.42 7.81* 6.18* 7.06* 母亲 不变 657 1.41±1.82 1.67±1.83 2.29±2.11 6.33±5.31 2.28±2.01 1.53±1.73 2.01±1.77 6.89±6.12 8.34±6.60 24.20±18.62 减少 137 1.72±1.93 2.99±1.95 2.69±2.13 7.53±5.56 2.64±1.92 2.05±2.13 2.33±1.76 8.39±6.65 9.85±6.75 28.98±19.58 增加 50 1.74±1.99 1.88±1.99 2.72±1.86 7.82±5.20 2.84±2.08 2.14±1.94 2.48±1.62 8.60±6.76 10.30±6.48 29.88±19.13 Z值 6.75* 4.22 8.15* 9.53** 9.06* 10.88** 7.86* 10.80** 10.25** 11.63** 父母 不变 609 1.41±1.83 1.66±1.82 2.29±2.13 6.32±5.32 2.23±2.00 1.52±1.75 2.00±1.78 6.81±6.15 8.32±6.65 23.98±18.73 减少 136 1.71±1.92 1.90±1.84 2.57±1.98 7.57±5.47 2.69±1.97 2.00±2.01 2.33±1.68 8.31±6.25 9.90±6.59 28.84±18.69 增加 67 1.48±1.85 1.72±1.84 2.38±2.11 6.62±5.35 2.36±2.01 1.65±1.81 2.09±1.76 7.20±6.21 8.71±6.64 25.26±18.81 Z值 7.40* 4.21 6.94* 9.60** 13.45** 12.72** 9.54** 13.98** 10.84** 14.29** 总体 1.48±1.85 1.73±1.86 2.38±2.11 6.61±5.36 2.37±2.01 1.65±1.83 2.09±1.77 7.24±6.27 8.71±6.64 25.31±18.89 注： *P < 0.05，**P < 0.01；部分项目存在缺失数据。
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表 4 大孩情绪行为综合问题多重线性回归分析[B值(B值95%CI)]
Table 4. Multiple linear regression of emotional and behavioral characteristics of firstborn children[B(B 95%CI)]
陪伴时间 选项 内化问题 外化问题 整体问题 父亲陪伴时间
(n=813)减少 1.41(-0.19~3.01) 1.68(-0.02~3.38) 2.96(-2.36~8.27) 增加 1.05(-0.67~2.77) 1.11(-0.71~2.94) 2.41(-3.10~7.92) 母亲陪伴时间
(n=844)减少 1.18(0.01~2.36)* 0.85(-0.41~2.11) 3.48(-0.09~7.05) 增加 0.34(-1.44~2.13) 0.81(-1.08~2.70) 1.61(-3.76~6.99) 父母总陪伴时间
(n=812)减少 1.41(0.33~2.48)* 1.25(0.10~2.39)* 4.31(1.05~7.57)* 增加 0.94(-0.53~2.40) 0.95(-0.61~2.51) 3.48(-0.95~7.92) 注： *P < 0.05，陪伴时间均以不变为参照组。
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