A comparative study of sociality between firstborn children and only children of young age
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摘要:
目的 了解低龄儿童独生子女和大孩社会性发展的现状，为促进低年龄儿童的社会性发展提供参考依据。 方法 采取分层整群抽样方法，选取蚌埠市2所幼儿园和2所小学的一至三年级共734名3~9岁独生子女和大孩儿童及其父母为研究对象进行问卷调查，内容包括儿童及父母的一般情况及儿童社会性评定。 结果 大孩情绪症状异常检出率(27.8%)高于独生子女(17.6%)(χ2=9.45，P＜0.01)。单因素分析显示，独生子女和大孩的社会性发展多动注意不能异常率均随着家庭社会经济地位的升高而降低(P值均＜0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，高家庭社会经济地位的独生子女发生多动注意不能异常的风险低，发生同伴交往问题的风险高(P值均＜0.05)。独生子女和大孩的社会性发展亲社会行为方面均为女童的亲社会行为好于男童(OR值分别为1.70，2.85，P＜0.05)。对于独生子女，主要带养人为父母时发生困难异常的风险较祖辈等为主要带养人低(OR=1.63，P＜0.05)；对于大孩，核心家庭发生困难异常的风险较三代家庭低(OR=2.14，P＜0.05)。独生子女男童出现多动注意不能、亲社会行为异常的风险高于女童(OR值分别为2.24，1.70，P值均＜0.05)，出现情绪异常的风险低于女童(OR=0.57，P＜0.05)。不同年级间独生子女的社会性发展有差异，随着年级的增加，亲社会行为异常风险低(P＜0.05)。 结论 较高的家庭社会经济地位有助于提升儿童的社会性发展水平，但高家庭社会经济地位的父母也应避免过多的物质与精神宠爱。父母应加强自身学习提升社会化教养水平，对待子女一视同仁，提高亲子陪伴质量，促进儿童社会化的全面发展。 Abstract:Objective To understand the current situation of the social development between only children and firstborn of young age, so as to provide a reference for the promotion of the social development of young children. Methods Stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 734 only children and firstborn children aged 3-9 in two kindergartens and two primary schools from grade 1 to grade 3 for questionnaire survey in Bengbu City. The content included the general information of children and their parents and the social assessment of children. Results The rate of emotional symptoms in firstborn children(27.8%) was higher than those of only children (17.6%)(χ2=9.45, P < 0.01). The results of univariate analysis showed that the rate of hyperactivity and inattention in social development of both only children and firstborns decreased with the increase of family socioeconomic status (P < 0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis of only children showed that only children with high economic status had a lower risk of hyperactivity and inattention and had a higher risk of peer interaction(P < 0.05). The prosocial behavior of girls was better than that of boys in the aspect of social development of only children and firstborn children(OR=1.70, 2.85, P < 0.05). For only children, the occurrence risk of being difficult was lower when the primary caregiver was parents than grandparents(OR=1.63, P < 0.05). For firstborn children, the risk of being difficult in nuclear families was lower than that in third-generation families(OR=2.14, P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis of the only child showed that boys had higher risk of hyperactive attention and less prosocial behavior than girls (OR=2.24, 1.70, P < 0.05), and a lower risk of developing mood disorders than girls(OR=0.57, P < 0.05). The social development of only children varied among different grades, and the risk of abnormal prosocial behavior was lower with the increase of grades (P < 0.05). Conclusion Higer family social status is positively associated with children's social development level. But parents with high economic status should also avoid too much material and spiritual doting. Parents should strengthen their own learning to enhance the level of socialized education, raising siblings equally, improve the quality of parent-child relationship, and promote the all-round development of children's socialization level. -
Key words:
- Only child /
- Mental health /
- Psychology, social /
- Regression analysis /
- Child
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表 1 独生子女和大孩社会性评估指标阳性检出率比较
Table 1. Comparison of positive detection rates of social assessment indicators between only children and firstborn children
组别 人数 情绪症状 品行问题 多动注意不能 同伴交往问题 亲社会行为 困难总分 独生子女 529 93(17.6) 135(25.5) 126(23.8) 410(77.5) 80(15.1) 129(24.4) 大孩 205 57(27.8) 55(26.8) 51(24.9) 163(79.5) 35(17.1) 61(29.8) χ2值 9.45 0.13 0.09 0.35 0.43 2.22 P值 ＜0.01 0.72 0.76 0.56 0.51 0.14 注：()内数字为检出率/%。 
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表 2 不同人口统计学特征独生子女社会性评估单因素分析
Table 2. Single factor analysis of social evaluation of only children with different demographic characteristics
人口统计学指标 选项 人数 统计值 情绪症状 品行问题 多动注意不能 同伴交往问题 亲社会行为 困难总分 性别 男 284 39(13.7) 75(26.4) 86(30.3) 225(79.2) 52(18.0) 79(27.8) 女 245 54(22.0) 60(24.5) 40(16.3) 185(75.5) 29(11.8) 50(20.4) χ2值 6.27 0.26 14.12 1.04 4.32 3.92 P值 0.01 0.61 ＜0.01 0.31 0.04 0.04 年级 小班 71 13(18.3) 22(31.0) 11(15.5) 60(84.5) 17(23.9) 15(21.1) 中班 101 22(21.8) 33(32.7) 30(29.7) 79(78.2) 18(17.8) 33(32.7) 大班 105 16(15.2) 25(23.8) 29(27.6) 77(73.3) 20(19.0) 26(24.8) 一年级 101 17(16.8) 19(18.8) 23(22.8) 84(83.2) 10(9.9) 20(19.8) 二年级 79 15(19.0) 16(20.3) 15(19.0) 57(72.2) 12(15.2) 18(22.8) 三年级 72 10(13.9) 20(27.8) 18(25.0) 53(73.6) 3(4.2) 17(23.6) χ2值 2.48 7.73 6.61 6.86 15.02 5.46 P值 0.78 0.17 0.25 0.23 0.01 0.36 家庭类型 核心 282 52(18.6) 65(23.3) 60(21.5) 209(74.9) 43(15.4) 65(23.3) 三代 236 38(16.2) 64(27.2) 63(26.8) 190(80.9) 33(14.0) 59(25.1) 单亲及其他 7 2(28.6) 2(28.6) 0 5(71.4) 3(42.9) 2(28.6) χ2值 0.54 1.05 1.97 2.59 0.19 0.23 P值 0.46 0.31 0.16 0.11 0.66 0.63 主要带养人 父母 410 67(16.3) 108(26.3) 93(22.7) 320(78.0) 59(14.4) 91(22.2) 祖辈等 116 26(22.4) 27(23.3) 32(27.6) 89(76.7) 20(17.2) 37(31.9) χ2值 2.29 0.45 1.20 0.09 0.58 4.62 P值 0.13 0.51 0.27 0.76 0.45 0.03 家庭社会经济地位 低 132 24(18.2) 28(21.2) 42(31.8) 103(78.0) 20(15.2) 37(28.0) 中 246 42(17.1) 73(29.7) 56(22.8) 181(73.6) 36(14.6) 58(23.6) 高 151 27(17.9) 34(22.5) 28(18.5) 126(83.4) 24(15.9) 34(22.5) χ2值 0.09 4.24 7.12 5.25 0.12 1.32 P值 0.96 0.12 0.03 0.07 0.94 0.52 注：家庭类型中χ2值仅为核心和三代比较的统计量，单亲及其他由于样本量较少，不纳入计算；部分项目人数有缺失；()内数字为检出率/%。
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表 3 不同人口统计学特征大孩社会性评估单因素分析
Table 3. Single factor analysis of social evaluation of firstborn children with different demographic characteristics
人口统计学指标 选项 人数 统计值 情绪症状 品行问题 多动注意不能 同伴交往问题 亲社会行为 困难总分 性别 男 100 25(25.0) 23(23.0) 28(28.0) 80(80.0) 23(23.0) 28(28.0) 女 105 32(30.5) 32(30.5) 23(21.9) 83(79.0) 12(11.4) 33(31.4) χ2值 0.77 1.46 1.02 0.03 4.84 0.29 P值 0.38 0.23 0.31 0.87 0.03 0.59 年级 小班 14 4(28.6) 4(28.6) 3(21.4) 13(92.9) 6(42.9) 3(21.4) 中班 29 10(34.5) 5(17.2) 4(13.8) 28(96.6) 7(24.1) 9(31.0) 大班 33 11(33.3) 11(33.3) 9(27.3) 22(66.7) 4(12.1) 11(33.3) 一年级 41 7(17.1) 8(19.5) 10(24.4) 32(78.0) 2(4.9) 12(29.3) 二年级 49 16(32.7) 17(34.7) 16(32.7) 37(75.5) 9(18.4) 15(30.6) 三年级 39 9(23.1) 10(25.6) 9(23.1) 31(79.5) 7(17.9) 11(28.2) χ2值 4.51 4.78 3.76 10.58 12.55 0.76 P值 0.48 0.44 0.59 0.06 0.03 0.98 家庭类型 核心 102 22(21.6) 22(21.6) 24(23.5) 74(72.5) 20(19.6) 23(22.5) 三代 101 34(33.7) 32(31.7) 26(25.7) 87(86.1) 15(14.9) 37(36.6) 单亲及其他 2 1(50.0) 1(50.0) 1(50.0) 2(100.0) 0 1(50.0) χ2值 3.72 2.66 0.13 5.71 0.81 4.84 P值 0.05 0.10 0.71 0.02 0.37 0.03 主要带养人 父母 152 37(24.3) 38(25.0) 36(23.7) 118(77.6) 25(16.4) 41(27.0) 祖辈等 53 20(37.7) 17(32.1) 15(28.3) 45(84.9) 10(18.9) 20(37.7) χ2值 3.51 1.00 0.45 1.28 0.16 2.18 P值 0.06 0.32 0.50 0.26 0.69 0.14 家庭社会经济地位 低 56 14(25.0) 14(25.0) 22(39.3) 44(78.6) 7(12.5) 20(35.7) 中 85 23(27.1) 23(27.1) 15(17.6) 65(76.5) 15(17.6) 24(28.2) 高 64 20(31.3) 18(28.1) 14(21.9) 54(84.4) 13(20.3) 17(26.6) χ2值 0.62 0.15 8.91 1.44 1.32 1.36 P值 0.73 0.93 0.01 0.49 0.52 0.51 注：家庭类型中χ2值仅为核心和三代比较的统计量，单亲及其他由于样本量较少，未纳入计算；()内数字为检出率/%。
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表 4 独生子女社会性发展的多因素Logistic回归分析(n=529)
Table 4. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis of social development of only children(n=529)
自变量 情绪症状 品行问题 多动注意不能 β值 标准误 Wald χ2值 OR值(OR值95%CI) β值 标准误 Wald χ2值 OR值(OR值95%CI) β值 标准误 Wald χ2值 OR值(OR值95%CI) 性别 男 -0.56 0.23 5.77 0.57(0.36~0.90)* 0.12 0.21 0.36 1.13(0.76~1.69) 0.81 0.22 13.27 2.24(1.45~3.46)** 年级 小班 0.29 0.48 0.35 1.33(0.52~3.43) 0.20 0.39 0.26 1.22(0.57~2.60) -0.37 0.45 0.69 0.69(0.29~1.66) 中班 0.47 0.44 1.14 1.59(0.68~3.75) 0.33 0.36 0.84 1.38(0.69~2.77) 0.54 0.38 2.07 1.72(0.82~3.59) 大班 0.07 0.46 0.02 1.07(0.43~2.64) -0.10 0.37 0.08 0.90(0.44~1.87) 0.50 0.38 1.72 1.65(0.78~3.49) 一年级 0.23 0.44 0.28 1.26(0.54~2.97) -0.54 0.37 2.10 0.59(0.28~1.21) -0.05 0.37 0.02 0.95(0.46~1.97) 二年级 0.37 0.45 0.66 1.45(0.60~3.52) -0.48 0.39 1.49 0.62(0.29~1.34) -0.16 0.41 0.16 0.85(0.38~1.89) 主要带养人 祖辈等 0.39 0.27 2.04 1.47(0.87~2.51) -0.25 0.26 0.90 0.78(0.47~1.30) 0.31 0.25 1.48 1.36(0.83~2.24) 家庭社会经济地位 低 0.17 0.34 0.25 1.19(0.61~2.31) 0.05 0.31 0.03 1.05(0.57~1.94) 0.90 0.32 8.09 2.46(1.32~4.58)** 中 0.03 0.29 0.01 1.03(0.59~1.82) 0.47 0.26 3.43 1.61(0.97~2.65) 0.49 0.28 3.07 1.64(0.94~2.85) 自变量 同伴交往问题 亲社会行为 困难总分 β值 标准误 Wald χ2值 OR值(OR值95%CI) β值 标准误 Wald χ2值 OR值(OR值95%CI) β值 标准误 Wald χ2值 OR值(OR值95%CI) 性别 男 0.22 0.21 1.08 1.25(0.82~1.90) 0.53 0.26 4.24 1.70(1.03~2.81)* 0.42 0.21 4.00 1.53(1.01~2.31)* 年级 小班 0.76 0.45 2.81 2.13(0.88~5.16) 2.11 0.67 9.84 8.27(2.21~30.97)** -0.10 0.42 0.05 0.91(0.40~2.09) 中班 0.18 0.38 0.23 1.20(0.57~2.51) 1.84 0.66 7.77 6.30(1.73~23.02)* 0.53 0.37 2.02 1.70(0.82~3.51) 大班 -0.18 0.37 0.22 0.84(0.41~1.74) 1.90 0.66 8.23 6.65(1.82~24.29)** 0.18 0.38 0.22 1.20(0.56~2.54) 一年级 0.58 0.38 2.35 1.79(0.85~3.78) 0.99 0.68 2.10 2.68(0.71~10.17) -0.19 0.38 0.26 0.83(0.39~1.73) 二年级 0.04 0.38 0.01 1.04(0.50~2.17) 1.58 0.68 5.46 4.86(1.29~18.31)* 0.06 0.40 0.02 1.06(0.49~2.30) 主要带养人 祖辈等 -0.19 0.26 0.55 0.82(0.49~1.38) 0.02 0.30 0.01 1.02(0.57~1.82) 0.49 0.24 4.09 1.63(1.02~2.63)* 家庭社会经济地位 低 -0.48 0.33 2.06 0.62(0.33~1.19) 0.43 0.36 1.41 1.54(0.76~3.13) 0.45 0.31 2.15 1.57(0.86~2.85) 中 -0.70 0.28 6.16 0.50(0.28~0.86)* 0.07 0.31 0.05 1.07(0.58~1.96) 0.23 0.27 0.76 1.26(0.75~2.12) 注：*P＜0.05，**P＜0.01；参考变量性别以女生为参照，年级以三年级为参照，主要带养人以父母为参照，家庭社会经济地位以高为参照。
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表 5 大孩社会性发展的多因素Logistic回归分析(n=205)
Table 5. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis of social development of firstborn children(n=205)
自变量 情绪症状 品行问题 多动注意不能 β值 标准误 Wald χ2值 OR值(OR值95%CI) β值 标准误 Wald χ2值 OR值(OR值95%CI) β值 标准误 Wald χ2值 OR值(OR值95%CI) 性别 男 -0.39 0.33 1.41 0.68(0.35~1.29) -0.46 0.34 1.85 0.63(0.33~1.22) 0.32 0.35 0.84 1.37(0.70~2.70) 年级 小班 0.23 0.74 0.10 1.26(0.30~5.38) 0.07 0.73 0.01 1.07(0.26~4.51) 0.27 0.80 0.11 1.30(0.27~6.27) 中班 0.55 0.58 0.90 1.74(0.55~5.46) -0.56 0.65 0.76 0.57(0.16~2.02) -0.34 0.70 0.23 0.72(0.18~2.83) 大班 0.50 0.57 0.77 1.65(0.54~4.99) 0.33 0.56 0.35 1.39(0.47~4.13) 0.54 0.60 0.82 1.72(0.53~5.52) 一年级 -0.33 0.59 0.31 0.72(0.23~2.27) -0.33 0.56 0.34 0.72(0.24~2.17) 0.23 0.56 0.17 1.26(0.42~3.76) 二年级 0.68 0.52 1.72 1.98(0.71~5.48) 0.61 0.51 1.44 1.84(0.68~4.95) 0.76 0.53 2.05 2.13(0.76~6.03) 家庭类型 三代 0.59 0.34 3.10 1.81(0.94~3.51) 0.59 0.34 3.02 1.81(0.93~3.54) 0.40 0.36 1.23 1.48(0.74~2.98) 家庭社会经济地位 低 -0.21 0.46 0.20 0.81(0.33~2.01) -0.25 0.47 0.28 0.78(0.31~1.96) 0.84 0.46 3.34 2.32(0.94~5.74) 中 -0.25 0.40 0.38 0.78(0.36~1.70) -0.18 0.41 0.19 0.84(0.38~1.87) 0.32 0.35 0.84 0.71(0.29~1.70) 自变量 同伴交往问题 亲社会行为 困难总分 β值 标准误 Wald χ2值 OR值(OR值95%CI) β值 标准误 Wald χ2值 OR值(OR值95%CI) β值 标准误 Wald χ2值 OR值(OR值95%CI) 性别 男 0.32 0.35 0.84 1.37(0.70~2.70) 1.05 0.43 6.07 2.85(1.24~6.57)* -0.20 0.32 0.38 0.82(0.44~1.54) 年级 小班 0.27 0.80 0.11 1.30(0.27~6.27) 1.33 0.74 3.24 3.79(0.89~16.19) -0.19 0.78 0.06 0.83(0.18~3.83) 中班 -0.34 0.70 0.23 0.72(0.18~2.83) 0.06 0.65 0.01 1.06(0.30~3.79) 0.22 0.58 0.15 1.25(0.40~3.86) 大班 0.54 0.60 0.82 1.72(0.53~5.52) -0.72 0.71 1.02 0.49(0.12~1.96) 0.35 0.55 0.41 1.42(0.48~4.18) 一年级 0.23 0.56 0.17 1.26(0.42~3.76) -1.70 0.86 3.92 0.18(0.03~0.98) 0.07 0.52 0.02 1.07(0.39~2.96) 二年级 0.76 0.53 2.05 2.13(0.76~6.03) -0.30 0.60 0.25 0.74(0.23~2.39) 0.26 0.50 0.28 1.30(0.49~3.48) 家庭类型 三代 0.40 0.36 1.23 1.48(0.74~2.98) -0.31 0.41 0.57 0.74(0.33~1.63) 0.76 0.33 5.27 2.14(1.12~4.10)* 家庭社会经济地位 低 0.84 0.46 3.34 2.32(0.94~5.74) -0.26 0.58 0.20 0.77(0.25~2.40) 0.58 0.45 1.66 1.78(0.74~4.26) 中 -0.35 0.45 0.60 0.71(0.29~1.70) 0.26 0.49 0.27 1.29(0.50~3.35) 0.08 0.40 0.04 1.08(0.49~2.37) 注：*P＜0.05；参考变量性别以女生为参照，年级以三年级为参照，家庭类型以核心为参照，家庭社会经济地位以高为参照。
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