中国农村营养改善计划地区2019年学生零食消费及影响因素

毕小艺; 李荔; 杨媞媞; 徐培培; 曹薇; 许娟; 甘倩; 潘慧; 胡小琪; 张倩

doi:10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.03.003

中国农村营养改善计划地区2019年学生零食消费及影响因素

doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.03.003

中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所/国家卫生健康委微量元素与营养重点实验室，北京 100050

详细信息

作者简介:
毕小艺(1995-)，女，河南省人，在读硕士，主要研究方向为学生营养

通讯作者:
张倩，E-mail：zhangqian7208@163.com

中图分类号: R179 R151 R153.2
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- 文章访问数: 743
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-12-09
- 修回日期: 2021-01-20
- 网络出版日期: 2021-04-20
- 刊出日期: 2021-03-25

Snack consumption and the influencing factors of students participation in the Nutrition Improvement Program for Rural Compulsory Education in 2019

National Institute for Nurtrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention/Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing(100050), China

摘要

摘要: 目的分析中国中西部贫困农村中小学生的零食消费情况及影响因素，为正确引导儿童合理消费零食、促进健康成长提供基础数据。方法 2019年，在实施“农村义务教育学生营养改善计划”的中西部22个省699个县中，分片选取1~3个国家试点县，共选取50个重点监测县。按照不同供餐模式，随机各抽取2所小学和2所初中作为重点监测学校。从小学三年级到初中三年级，每个年级抽取1~2个班。采用学生调查表收集所调查的27 374名学生的零食消费频率、花费和种类等信息。结果中国中西部贫困农村有14.0%的学生每天吃零食≥2次，21.6%的学生每天零食花费≥3元。零食选择的前3位依次是蔬菜、水果(50.6%)，饼干、面包(50.1%)，膨化食品(40.0%)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示，母亲在外地打工、父母都在外地打工、企业供餐、校园里有小卖部或超市的学生每天摄入≥1次零食的可能性更高(OR值分别为1.35，1.19，1.11，1.51，P值均 < 0.05)。结论中国中西部贫困农村中小学生零食消费现象较为普遍，且存在零食选择不合理的问题。应建立个人、家庭、学校、社会全方位支持引导的健康教育体系，引导学生合理选择零食。
- 营养政策 /
- 饮食习惯 /
- 费用和收费 /
- 回归分析 /
- 学生
Abstract: Objective To evaluate snack consumption and the influencing factors associated with student participation in the Nutrition Improvement Program, and to provide a scientific basis for improving the program. Methods Among the 50 monitoring counties that implemented the Compulsory Education Student Nutrition Improvement Program, two primary schools and two junior schools were randomly selected according to different food supply patterns (i.e., school, company, and mix). This study randomly selected one or two classes from each grade, which ranged from grade 3 to grade 9. A questionnaire, which addressed snack consumption and choice, was distributed to 27 374 students. Results The findings revealed that 14.0% of students from poor rural areas in central and western regions consumed snacks two or more times per day, and 21.6% of students spent 3 yuan or more on snacks each day. The top three choices of snacks included fruit and vegetables (50.6%), biscuits and bread (50.1%), and puffed food (40.0%). Students who had mothers who worked outside the home, parents who worked outside the home, who consumed corporate meals, and who had access to a small shop on campus were more likely to consume snacks one or more times per day(OR=1.35, 1.19, 1.11, 1.51, P < 0.05). Conclusion The phenomenon of snack consumption among primary and middle school students from poor rural areas in central and western regions is common, and the selection of unhealthy snacks was identified as a problem. A health education system with comprehensive support and guidance from individuals, families, schools, and society should be established to guide students to opt for healthier snacks.
- Nutrition policy /
- Food habits /
- Fees and charges /
- Regression analysis /
- Students

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表 1 不同性别、学段和地区学生零食消费行为比较

Table 1. Comparison of snack consumption behaviors among students of different genders, schools and regions

组别	选项	人数	零食频率						零食花费/(元·d^-1)
组别	选项	人数	< 3次/周	4~6次/周	1次/d	≥2次/d	Z值	P值	< 1	1~ < 2	2~ < 3	≥3	Z值	P值
性别	男	13 885	5 958(43.1)	3 631(26.2)	2 290(16.6)	1 950(14.1)	-0.03	0.98	4 747(34.4)	3 529(25.5)	2 444(17.7)	3 097(22.4)	-0.94	0.35
	女	13 489	5 837(43.4)	3 419(25.4)	2 322(17.2)	1 874(13.9)			4 485(33.4)	3 746(27.9)	2 424(18.0)	2 789(20.8)
学段	小学	16 354	7 661(46.9)	3 569(21.9)	2 911(17.8)	2 180(13.4)	9.73	< 0.01	6 376(39.1)	4 710(28.9)	2 574(15.8)	2 649(16.2)	30.92	< 0.01
	初中	11 020	4 134(37.7)	3 481(31.8)	1 701(15.5)	1 644(15.0)			2 856(26.1)	2 565(23.4)	2 294(21.0)	3 237(30.0)
地区	中部	8 823	3 596(41.0)	2 571(29.3)	1 335(15.2)	1 272(14.5)	2.56	0.01	3 129(35.7)	2 257(25.7)	1 528(17.4)	1 854(21.2)	-3.68	< 0.01
	西部	18 551	8 199(44.3)	4 479(24.2)	3 277(17.7)	2 552(13.8)			6 103(33.0)	5 018(27.1)	3 340(18.1)	4 032(21.8)
注： ()内数字为构成比/%；部分调查项目存在缺失值。

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表 2 不同性别、学段和地区学生零食选择情况比较

Table 2. Comparison of snack choices among students of different genders, school stages and regions

组别	选项	人数	统计值	蔬菜、水果	饼干、面包	膨化食品	坚果	干脆面、方便面等	糖果、巧克力	面制小食品
性别	男	13 885		6 536(47.2)	6 633(47.9)	5 482(39.6)	4 729(34.2)	4 592(33.2)	3 735(27.0)	4 053(29.3)
	女	13 489		7 269(54.0)	7 049(52.4)	5 451(40.5)	4 474(33.2)	3 991(29.7)	4 323(32.1)	3 900(29.0)
			χ²值	126.43	54.43	2.39	249.00	39.03	87.55	0.24
			P值	< 0.01	< 0.01	0.12	0.10	< 0.01	< 0.01	0.62
学段	小学	16 354		8 810(53.9)	7 832(48.0)	6 029(36.9)	5 775(35.4)	4 393(26.9)	4 447(27.2)	3 859(23.6)
	初中	11 020		4 995(45.5)	5 850(53.3)	4 904(44.7)	3 428(31.3)	4 190(38.2)	3 611(32.9)	4 094(37.3)
			χ²值	191.07	71.54	161.44	46.34	383.36	99.66	589.35
			P值	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01
地区	中部	8 823		5 058(57.6)	4 589(52.3)	4 109(46.8)	2 987(34.0)	2 586(29.5)	2 670(30.4)	2 593(29.5)
	西部	18 551		8 747(47.2)	9 093(49.1)	6 824(36.8)	6 216(33.6)	5 997(32.4)	5 388(29.1)	5 360(28.9)
			χ²值	249.00	20.96	240.66	0.98	25.71	4.00	0.70
			P值	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	0.32	< 0.01	< 0.05	0.40

组别	选项	人数	统计值	冷饮	纯牛奶、酸奶	牛肉干、鱼片等		水果制品	豆制品	其他
性别	男	13 885		3 459(25.0)	2 928(21.2)	2 610(18.9)		1 938(14.0)	1 046(7.6)	79(0.6)
	女	13 489		3 707(27.5)	3 434(25.5)	1 951(14.5)		2 415(17.9)	969(7.2)	65(0.5)
			χ²值	23.38	73.24	93.67		78.73	1.17	0.99
			P值	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01		< 0.01	0.28	0.32
学段	小学	16 354		3 710(22.7)	3 521(21.6)	2 476(15.2)		2 413(14.8)	909(5.6)	111(0.7)
	初中	11 020		3 456(31.5)	2 841(25.9)	2 085(19.0)		1 940(17.7)	1 106(10.1)	33(0.3)
			χ²值	257.44	66.75	67.45		41.22	194.30	18.10
			P值	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01		< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01
地区	中部	8 823		2 233(25.4)	2 299(26.2)	1 686(19.2)		1 669(19.0)	767(8.7)	60(0.7)
	西部	18 551		4 933(26.6)	4 063(21.9)	2 875(15.5)		2 684(14.5)	1 248(6.7)	84(0.5)
			χ²值	5.18	57.55	55.10		87.32	33.68	5.90
			P值	0.02	< 0.01	< 0.01		< 0.01	< 0.01	0.02
注： ()内数字为报告率/%；零食选择报告有缺失值。

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表 3 学生零食摄入频率多因素Logistic回归分析(n=27 374)

Table 3. Multi-factor Logistic analysis of snack intake frequency(n=27 374)

影响因素	选项	β值	标准误	Wald χ²值	P值	OR值(OR值95%CI)
父母外出务工	均未外出					1.00
	父亲外出	-0.03	0.03	0.91	0.34	0.97(0.91~1.03)
	母亲外出	0.30	0.06	28.90	< 0.01	1.35(1.21~1.51)
	父母均外出	0.17	0.04	22.03	< 0.01	1.19(1.10~1.28)
学校所在地	农村					1.00
	乡镇	-0.37	0.04	79.07	< 0.01	0.69(0.63~0.75)
	县城	-0.08	0.08	0.98	0.32	0.93(0.80~1.08)
供餐模式	学校					1.00
	企业	0.10	0.04	5.31	0.02	1.11(1.02~1.21)
	混合	-0.30	0.05	31.70	< 0.01	0.74(0.67~0.82)
校园里是否有小卖	否					1.00
部或超市	是	0.41	0.03	148.41	< 0.01	1.51(1.41~1.61)
地区	西部					1.00
	中部	-0.06	0.03	3.95	0.05	0.94(0.89~1.00)
经济水平	低					1.00
	高	-0.08	0.03	7.71	0.01	0.92(0.87~0.98)

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