Effects of isotonic muscle exercise on body shape and neck-shoulder muscle activity of college students
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摘要:
目的 分析2种训练方法对低体力活动伴不良身体姿态大学生的健康促进效果，为不良姿态大学生选择适宜的体育锻炼方式提供参考。 方法 经评估后将秦皇岛市某高校30名久坐伴有典型上交叉综合征特征者随机分成无负荷等张训练组(IT)、等张阻力训练组(RIT)、健康教育对照组(C)，对实验组实施12周的等张训练。于训练前、后测试两组受试者的Heath-Carter体型、颈椎夹角、颈椎伸展、肩胛骨内收幅度、颈肩肌表面肌电信号数据。 结果 训练后IT、RIT、C组Heath-Carter的体型内、中、外3因子分别为[(3.68±1.01)(5.68±1.05)(3.17±0.54)，(2.84±0.84)(5.87±1.45)(1.34±0.10)，(3.82±0.18)(4.83±1.03)(3.30±0.22)]，两实验组的中胚层增加，内、外胚层减小。训练后IT、RIT、C组的颈椎夹角分别为(32.70±9.20)(20.78±2.24)(11.24±3.21)°，颈椎伸展角度分别为(3.21±1.82)(2.24±0.60)(1.24±0.01)°，肩胛骨内收幅度分别为(3.44±1.28)(3.08±1.35)(6.08±1.57)cm，两实验组的3个指标均明显提高(F值分别为8.43，7.29，8.04，P值均 < 0.05)。训练后IT、RIT、C组的颈、肩部拮抗肌共激活比值分别为(0.11±0.01)和(0.34±0.02)(0.31±0.01)和(0.56±0.03)(0.36±0.11)和(0.69±0.04)，两实验组的共激活比值均降低(F值分别为27.39，5.85，P值均 < 0.05)。颈肩部肌-骨系统活动特征以IT组的变化更为显著(P < 0.05)。 结论 等张阻力训练增加肌-骨系统体积和减脂的效果更明显，无负荷等张训练对改善和纠正上交叉综合征姿势效果要优于等张阻力训练。久坐伴有不良姿态的大学生可优先选择无负荷等张训练，提高肌肉力量及协调性后再增加训练负荷。 Abstract:Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate effects two kinds of isotonic muscle contraction training on muscle body shape and neck-shoulder muscle activity among college students with physical inactivity and poor body posture, to provide appropriate exercise options for these college students. Method Thirty subjects with typical sedentary behavior and upper-cross syndrome were randomly divided into no load isotonic training(IT), resistance isotonic training(RIT) and health education control(C) groups. Two training groups were trained for 12 weeks. All subjects were tested their heath-carter anthropometric somatotype, cervical spine angle, range of cervical spine extending and scapula adduction, surface electromyography data of neck and shoulder musle activity were measured before/after training. Results After training, three factors value in IT, RIT, C groups were[(3.68±1.01)(5.68±1.05)(3.17±0.54), (2.84±0.84)(5.87±1.45)(1.34±0.10), (3.82±0.18)(4.83±1.03)(3.30±0.22)] respectively. After training, cervical spine angles were(32.70±9.20)(20.78±2.24)(11.24±3.21)°; extending angles of cervical spine were(3.21±1.82)(2.24±0.60)(1.24±0.01)°; ranges of scapula adduction were(3.44±1.28)(3.08±1.35)(6.08±1.57)cm in IT, RIT, C groups respectively. Three parameters in two training groups significantly increased(F=8.43, 7.29, 8.04, P < 0.05). Antagonistic muscle co-activation in neck and shoulder in three groups were(0.11±0.01) and(0.34±0.02)(0.31±0.01) and(0.56±0.03)(0.36±0.11) and(0.69±0.04) respectively, which significantly decreased in two training groups(F=27.39, 5.45, P < 0.05). There were more obviously changes of neck and shoulder muscle-bone system in IT group(P < 0.05). Conclusion Musculoskeletal system improved while body fat reduced after resistance isotonic training. No load isotonic training was more superior in adjusting and correctingg upper-crossed syndrome posture than resistance isotonic training. College students with sedentary behavior and upper-cross syndrome can choose no load isotonic training preliminarily for muscle strength and concordance increasing before adding load. -
Key words:
- Physical education and training /
- Somatotypes /
- Neck /
- Growth and development /
- Students
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表 1 训练前后3组被试者Heath-Carter体型数据比较(x±s)
Table 1. Comparison of Heath-Carter somato type data in 3 groups pre/post-training(x±s)
训练前后 组别 人数 统计值 内胚层 中胚层 外胚层 SAM 训练前 IT 10 3.88±0.02 4.88±0.05 3.31±0.10 1.68±0.34 RIT 10 3.88±0.11 4.88±0.92 3.32±1.12 1.71±0.11 C 10 3.87±1.02 4.86±1.13 3.31±0.31 1.82±0.02 F值 0.01 0.01 0.01 1.38 P值 0.79 0.80 0.94 0.33 训练后 IT 10 3.68±1.01 5.68±1.05 3.17±0.54 1.42±0.06 RIT 10 2.84±0.84 5.87±1.45* 1.34±0.10* 1.29±0.53* C 10 3.82±0.18 4.83±1.03 3.30±0.22 1.78±0.04 F值 6.73 4.48 7.37 7.03 P值 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.01 注：训练后IT与RIT组比较，*P<0.05。IT指无负荷等张训练组，RIT指等张阻力训练组，C指健康教育对照组。 
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表 2 训练前后3组被试颈椎及肩胛骨活动特征数据比较(x±s)
Table 2. Comparison of cervical spine and scapula activities data in 3 groups pre/post-training(x±s)
训练前后 组别 人数 统计值 C2~C7颈椎夹角/(°) 颈椎伸展最大角度/(°) 肩胛骨内收最大幅度/cm 训练前 IT 10 10.45±3.91 1.23±0.27 6.07±1.76 RIT 10 11.02±5.03 1.23±0.52 6.09±1.23 C 10 10.27±2.25 1.25±0.02 6.09±2.03 F值 0.08 0.01 0.01 P值 0.58 0.64 0.92 训练后 IT 10 32.70±9.20 3.21±1.82 3.44±1.28 RIT 10 20.78±2.24 2.24±0.60 3.08±1.35 C 10 11.24±3.21 1.24±0.01 6.08±1.57 F值 8.43 7.29 8.04 P值 0.01 0.02 0.01 注： IT指无负荷等张训练组，RIT指等张阻力训练组，C指健康教育对照组。
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表 3 训练前后3组被试颈肩肌标准iEMG比值比较(x±s, %MVC)
Table 3. Comparison of normalized iEMG ratio in neck and shoulder muscles in 3 groups pre/post-training(x±s, %MVC)
训练前后 组别 人数 统计值 胸锁乳突肌 斜方肌上束 颈部椎旁肌 斜角肌 胸大肌 背阔肌 前锯肌 斜方肌上束 斜方肌中束 斜方肌下束 冈下肌 三角肌后束 训练前 IT 10 22.73±9.02 23.37±13.11 14.44±7.18 22.34±9.19 24.76±7.14 13.71±5.16 9.81±2.36 15.78±3.91 45.29±23.11 31.18±12.37 2.28±0.03 10.03±3.72 RIT 10 21.69±5.34 23.23±10.28 14.05±2.98 22.09±10.29 21.93±11.03 13.09±4.29 10.02±4.01 15.92±6.77 45.70±20.28 30.79±16.02 2.19±0.32 9.89±2.28 C 10 20.24±7.74 22.53±10.51 14.42±5.72 22.19±8.30 23.57±12.49 12.63±4.44 9.39±2.41 15.03±4.15 45.38±23.53 30.04±15.36 2.22±0.02 9.43±1.04 F值 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 P值 0.87 0.80 0.91 0.90 0.68 0.65 0.53 0.78 0.85 0.75 0.79 0.55 训练后 IT 10 2.26±0.11 30.79±12.85 7.17±1.11 4.27±0.21 3.27±0.18 20.84±10.05 17.33±15.39 8.64±1.06 62.08±21.83 55.22±13.47 8.32±1.04 19.97±2.37 RIT 10 20.43±10.53 25.51±9.33 13.53±6.43 18.43±7.46 15.49±5.30 25.49±13.53 27.59±13.35 20.42±9.39 65.35±12.45 56.43±20.43 10.31±2.21 26.16±3.95 C 10 21.77±8.13 24.60±15.35 15.29±5.52 22.08±7.90 22.44±5.65 12.96±3.98 10.90±3.66 16.01±8.18 46.24±11.27 32.01±10.28 2.20±0.31 10.42±4.26 F值 23.03 6.22 7.82 20.31 20.11 5.87 9.99 18.12 5.68 7.11 5.71 10.62 P值 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 注：IT指无负荷等张训练组，RIT指等张阻力训练组，C指健康教育对照组；iEMG指标准化积分肌电。
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