Abstract: Objective To understand the two-week case rate of children and teenagers in the poor areas of middle and western China, and to provide a scientific basis for clarifying the focus of medical and health services in the future and deepening the new medical reform system. Methods The method of random cluster sampling was used to select the research object, the condition of catching diseases among primary and middle students was investigated through a questionnaire on two-week case rate. and chi-square test was adopted to compare the difference between the groups of two-week health situation. Results The two-week prevalence rate of primary and middle school students in poor areas in central and western China was 16.2%. The top three systemic diseases were respiratory system (accounting for 58.4%), digestive system (accounting for 13.5%) and immune system (accounting for 1.8%). The prevalence of different demographic characteristics was also found with difference: the two-week prevalence rates (15.6% and 16.7%) for both men and women were lower than the results of the 2008 national survey, but the difference was not statistically significant (χ2=3.17, P=0.05); the case rates in different age groups decreased with a undulating curve, the 9-10 age group was the highest (20.1%), the difference was statistically significant (χ2=33.26, P<0.01); the differences of case rates in different ethnic groups were of statistical significance (χ2=78.33, P<0.05), the prevalence of LiSu ethnic group was the highest (24.6%); The main diseases (symptoms) were different in different provinces. Conclusion The demand for health care among primary and middle school students in poor areas of middle and western China is significantly higher than the results of a national survey of 5-24-year-old residents. Thus, the close attention should be paid to providing a reasonable and sufficient health service.